Nature verses nurture Essay

The nature versus nurture debate is an argument over whether nature plays a primary role in the development of an individual (heredity), or the environment (nurture). Nature, as understood by Psychologists, refers to physical characteristics that are biologically inherited, such as the color of skin, eye or texture of hair. Nurture on the other hand, refers to environmental influences after conception, such as our experiences (McLeod 2011). The debate has been controversial and ongoing for decades; Psychologists have tried to determine whether a person’s development is predisposed by DNA or his environment. So the questions exists, is it inherited gene or is it the driving force such as upbringing and nurturing from parents and caregivers that influences a child to grow up to become a lawyer, doctor, or a professional athlete. Both theories are essentially at opposite ends of the spectrum. Those who adopt an extreme hereditary approach (nativists) are of the belief that the characteristics or the human specie are a product of evolution and that our individual differences are due to the unique genetic makeup of the individual. At the opposite end of the spectrum, are environmentalists (empiricists) who believe that at birth the human mind is a blank slate that during development is gradually filled with our experiences (McLeod, 2007). In this paper we will look to two studies exploring the controversial nature versus nurture debate, make comparisons between them and discuss the conclusion of each study. John Bowlby (1907-1990) was a psychoanalyst who believed that mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early childhood. In his evolutionary Theory of Attachment developed after World War II, he suggests that children come into the world â€Å"biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others,† as this is a means of survival. According to his original theory, infants have a universal need to seek close proximity with their caregiver. He observed that children experience intense distress when separated from their mothers and this shaped his belief that there is a fundamental link between early infant separations with the mother and later maladjustment (McLeod, 2009). Many subsequent theories have developed in support of this theory; Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson in 1964, studied 60 babies at monthly intervals for the first 18 months of life. The children were all studied in their own home and involved visiting the babies monthly for approximately one year. During this time, the caregivers were interviewed and all interactions with the babies were observed (McLeod, 2009). In contrast, Albert Bandura developed the Social Learning Theory in support of the nurture debate. He believed that people learn from each other through the process of observation, imitation and modeling. In 1961 he conducted an experiment called the â€Å"Bobo Doll Experiment,† to investigate if social behaviors can be acquired by imitation. The methodology of his study involved testing 36 boys and girls from the Stanford University Nursery School between the ages of three and six years. One male and female adult role model was chosen to demonstrate aggressive behavior. 24 boys and girls were allowed to watch a role model behaving aggressively towards a toy called a â€Å"Bobo doll. † The adults were told to attack the doll in destructive way, using hands, feet, weapons, or abusive language. Another 24 children were exposed to a non-aggressive model and the final 24 children were used as a controlled group and not exposed to any model or aggressive behavior at all. All the children were tested individually through three stages; â€Å"modeling, aggression arousal and delayed imitation† (McLeod, 2011). When the two studies are compared, many differences can be identified, but only a few similarities. In both studies, the subjects used were children. The researchers used an observational approach to undertake their study, the results of which support each theory. During both studies, the subjects were observed during normal activities and their behaviors evaluated through a series of stages. The first identifiable difference between studies was the type of study undertaken. A longitudinal study was undertaken in The Attachment Theory. It was conducted over a period of 18 months; while the Social Learning Theory was an experiment conducted over one day using matched pairs design. The second difference between studies was where they took place: the Attachment Theory studied infants in their own homes, while the Social Learning Theory conducted the experiment in a play nursery. Children at different ages were used in both studies: from birth to 18 months in the Attachment Theory, and from three to six years in the Social Learning Theory. In the Social Learning Theory experiment, all the children were pre-tested for aggression before the behavior was introduced to one group. No behavior was introduced in the Attachment Theory study, infants were observed in their normal routine and daily interactions. One final observable difference between the studies was that a controlled group was used in the â€Å"Bobo Doll Experiment† of The Social Learning Theory, while no controlled group was used in the Attachment Theory study (McLeod 2009, 2011). The Attachment Theory study results indicate that babies develop attachment in the following sequence: (1) up to three months of age where the baby responds equally to any caregiver, (2) after four months where there is a preference for certain people, (3) after seven months where there is a special preference for a single attachment figure, (4) and after nine months where they develop multiple attachments. The conclusion of the study proved babies look to particular people for security, comfort and protection. Fear and unhappiness is shown when separated from that special person. According to the study the most important thing in forming attachment is not who feeds and changes the child, but who plays and communicates with him or her (McLeod, 2009). In the second study, the â€Å"Bobo Doll Experiment† findings supported Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. Children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, i.e. watching the behavior of another person. During the â€Å"experiment† the children exposed to the violent model tended to imitate the exact behavior they had observed when the adult left the room. The children in the non-aggressive group behave less aggressively than those in the control group, and boys behaved more aggressively than girls. The study also showed that boys who observed an adult male behaving violently were more influenced than those who had observed a female model aggressive behavior. Boys were more likely to imitate physical acts of violence, while girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression (McLeod, 2011). Many experts believe today, that behavior and development are influenced by both nature and nurture; one does not exist without the other. Some psychologists believe that learning continues even through adulthood. While few people take the extreme inherited or extreme environmental approach, researchers and experts are now consumed with the degree to which biology and environment influence behavior. References McLeod, S. A. (2011). Albert Bandura/ Social learning theory- Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/01/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/baddura. html McLeod, S. A. (2009). Attachment Theory – Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/04/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/attachment. html McLeod, S. A. (2011). Bobo Doll Experiment- Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/03/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/bobo-doll. html McLeod, S. A. (2011). Nature Nurture in Psychology- Simply psychology. Retrieved 10/05/2013 from http://www. simplypsychology. org/naturevsnurture. html.

Businesses Operate and Their Products and Services Essay

Question 1 a) Describe how information systems have changed the way businesses operate and their products and services. One of the more popular topics that I have been asked how the information systems have changed the way businesses operate and their products and services. In my point of views I think they have major three ways in which information technology has brought about a huge change in the way in which people conduct business in different parts of the world. One of the most important problem is â€Å"time† So the advantages of using technology is that time constraints are eliminated. Since updated information can be provided to the staff and existing or potential customers at remote locations on a real time basis and more business can be done. Company can save much more money because they don’t have to pay for their staff to travel to meet either customers or other executives. Meetings held through the Internet are as good as the traditional ones. In fact, companies also involve their customers in the meetings so that the products can be designed according to their needs. Since information from all parts of the world can collect and merged with the inventory management system of the company, the process of accepting orders and supplying the materials has become far more perfect. If the time taken between invoicing and shipment can decrease, customers will bind to much more satisfied. As more and more people start using the Internet for business and personal reasons, if companies don’t adapt themselves and use the upcoming technologies, they will bound to fall behind. Today customers expect goods and services to be available 24 hours, seven days a week. E-commerce is a mode of business where the product is sold through the website of the company. This means that people do not have to step out of their homes to make purchases. Last but not the least whether you are a business to business or business to consumer concern, you should make use of information technology to maximize profits. b) Describe the characteristics of a digital firm. A digital firm is a firm which nearly all of the organization’s major business relationships with customer, supplier, and employee are digitally enabled. Axis business processes are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple organizations. Business processes refer to the set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated. Digital firms involve both time shifting and space shifting. Time shifting refers to business being conducted continuously, rather than in narrow â€Å"work day† time bands of 9 a.m. To 5 p.m. Space shifting means that work takes place in a global workshop, as well as within national. Questions 2 a) List and describe the organization, management, and technology dimensions of information systems. 1. Organization: The organization dimension of information systems concerns issues like the hierarchy of organization, culture, processes of business, functional specialties and political interest groups. 2. Management: The management dimension of information systems concerns issues like job attitudes, staff training, and management behavior. 3. Technology: The technology dimension composes of computer software, hardware, data management technology and networking technology. b) Distinguish between data and information and between information systems literacy and computer literacy. Data vs. information Data which is a move of raw fact representing events occurring in the organization before the organization have been organized and arranged into a form that people can use and understand. Information which is a data that have been became a form that is meaningful and useful to human being. Information systems literacy vs. computer literacy Information literacy is more care for create information useful to an organization and its staff, on the other hand computer literacy satisfied the simple use of computer. As technology uses spread beyond traditional computer, information literacy enables staff and organization to gain an edge over their competition. Question 3 a) List and describe six reasons why information systems are so important for business today. Six reasons about information systems are so important for business today include: 1. Operational excellence 2. New products, services, and business models 3. Customer and supplier intimacy 4. Improved decision making 5. Competitive advantage 6. Survival Information systems are the basis of conducting business. In 21st century, in many companies, survival and even existence without extensive use of IT is unimaginable, and IT plays a critical role in rising  productivity. Although information technology has become a daily, when organization have complementary changes in , it can provide the basis for new product, service, and ways of conducting business that provide firms with a strategic advantage. b) Describe the sociotechnical perspective on information systems. Optimal organizational performance achieved by together optimizing both social and technical systems used in production can help them to avoid purely technological approach. So it can produce their product much more better. Question 4 a) Define business process and describe the role they play in organizations. A business process which is a use computer’s logic to substitute staff to handle related set of activities; Business processes are the ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, knowledge to produce their valuable product or service. Business processes have four different areas. 1. For the manufacturing and production area include product assembling, quality checking, and producing bills of materials. 2. For the sales and marketing area. Business processes include identifying customers, making customers aware of the product, and selling the product. 3. For finance and accounting, business processes includes paying creditors, creating financial statements, and managing cash accounts. 4. For human resources, business processes include hiring employees, evaluating job performance of employees, and enrolling employees in benefits plans. b) Describe the relationship between information systems and business processes. Between information systems and business processes, their relationship is they can substitute each other. Whatever in management, finance, sales or marketing etc†¦ Question 5 a) Define collaboration and teamwork and explain why they have become so important in business today. Teamwork can raise productivity. Teamwork requires each team member to work together while allowing their individual interests to become a subordinate concern. As a result, team members focus on the goal at hand and contribute their knowledge, resources and skills to reaching the goal. Collaboration can raise profitability because of collaboration in the supply chain industry. Collaboration is teamwork on a larger area in that companies collaborate and more than one business may participate in the partnership. Organizations and businesses meet larger target when collaboration is considered a priority. Consequently, collaboration has several benefits including shared risk, resources and knowledge. So they have become so important in business today because they can raise productivity and profitability. b) List and describe the business benefits of collaboration. Collaboration is a behavior executed by an organization, company or group of people to arrive a common goal, which occurring on a larger scale than teamwork. Effective collaboration requires communication technology, definition of responsibilities and an encouraging culture. Collaboration is most effective when team members are expressive and open to positive competition. A professional sports team that wins a championship is an example of well-executed teamwork. The benefits of collaboration and teamwork outweigh the productivity of a single individual or company’s effort.

Asian Essay Research Paper After nearly thirty

Asiatic Essay, Research Paper After about 30 old ages of great economic growing many Asiatic states are in recession due to many bad concern determinations. The Asiatic fiscal crisis caused the value of Asiatic currency fall 50-60 per centum, stock markets to worsen by 40 per centum, belongings values to drop, and Bankss to shut. The Asiatic fiscal crisis began in mid 1997 because of currency devaluation, bad banking patterns, high foreign debt, and corruptness ; has lead to a diminution in the currency and stock markets of all Asiatic states. As the fiscal crisis continued it shortly turned into an economic and societal crisis every bit good. At the base of the fiscal crisis is 1000000s of dollars in bad bank loans. Many of the Bankss suffered from limited institutional development and a deficiency of regulating Torahs. Credit tended to flux towards borrowers with authorities relationships or private bank proprietors and to prefer sectors instead that on the footing of projected hard currency flows, realistic sensitiveness analysis, and recoverable collateral values. The fiscal crisis began in Thailand in May of 1997 when investors became disquieted about Thailand s political instability, decelerating economic system and inordinate debt. As they invested their money in more stable markets and pulled out of Thailand the value of the tical fell aggressively. Due to the inter-linked economic systems of Asia Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malayan economic systems were shortly crippled by the autumn of the tical value. Indonesia s economic system shortly fell after when the rupiah lost 80 per centum of its value against the U.S. dollar. The state was plagued with more than $ 70 billion worth of bad debts due to a corrupt and inefficient authorities. Indonesia and Thailand were besides enduring from being to ambitious with the enlargement of their substructures due to the immense inflow of money from optimistic foreign investors. Two major economic systems that were besides effected were China and Japan. Chinese Bankss may hold been transporting up to $ 1 trillion dollars in bad bank loans. Much of this came from authorities corruptness and lending 66 per centum of China s investing capital to state-run industries that produce merely 12 per centum of Chinas industrial end product. Japan was crippled by more than $ 300 billion in bad bank loans due relaxed banking regulations and corruptness. Besides their exportation decreased, as other states were able to bring forth high-end electronics for cheaper. Both the Nipponese hankering and stock market declined in value as a consequence doing Japan to travel into a recession. Korea was besides greatly effected since its export growing has tended to mirror alterations in the yen-dollar exchange rate. They were besides enduring from immense foreign debt that they were no longer able to pay off. As Asiatic economic systems slowed down many households felt the consequence of the crisis. The demand for labour has dropped dramatically since edifice and enlargement undertakings have come to a arrest. Because of this and drought many urban and rural households are now unemployed. Due to interchange rate devaluation monetary values for basic necessities such as nutrient and medical specialty, have risen drastically. Spending has besides slowed down since households don Ts have adequate money to buy more than that which is necessary. Due to Asia s big function in the universe economic system other states economic systems have suffered because of the crisis. As Asiatic currency devaluated and economic systems declined so has the demand for importing goods from other states. The devaluated currency besides has made Asiatic merchandises seem cheaper which has led to increased degree of exporting to other states. The International Monetary Fund has implemented a program and loaned one million millions of dollars in order to assist Asiatic states pull out of this fiscal crisis. The program calls for an increased intrest rate and to fasten money supplies in order to decelerate down enlargement. The restructuring of pudding stones and better supervising of Bankss to cut down on the type of corruptness that was really common in the past. Opening of the international market to convey back foreign investing and promote investors to purchase off failed companies. They besides want to increase revenue enhancements to make a authorities excess so Asiatic states can break command their economic systems. So far the IMF has loaned $ 18 billion to Thailand, $ 47 billion to Korea, and $ 57 billion to Korea in hopes of carry throughing its program. Right now it looks as though the IMF program is working. Many Asiatic economic systems are sing growing after the market bottomed out last twelvemonth. Many authoritiess are doing tougher banking Torahs and the increased involvement rate has curved the rapid growing that helped take to the fiscal crisis. The Asiatic states are get downing to open their doors to more foreign investing and ownership. Many people are disquieted that this is a impermanent solution and that Asia will fall into a worse economic crisis. If the Asiatic economic systems fall even further, in a desire to raise hard currency, they might sell the 100s of billion dollars in U.S. exchequers they now own. This along with an increased trade shortage, coming from more importing and less exporting will take to higher involvement rates and an American recession.

Unit 8 Seminar Legal & Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 8 Seminar Legal & Ethics - Research Paper Example To strike a balance, the therapist should carefully weigh the repercussions of keeping the secret (Bass &Quimby, 2006). If the therapist thinks that revealing the secret will be for the greater benefit of everyone, then they should inform the individual who revealed the secret of their intention to reveal it. It is the role of family therapists to ensure that they provide their clients with sufficient informed consent. The informed consent document must contain information such as the nature of the therapy process, the fees charged, the involvement of any third parties, the expected duration of the treatment process, and the circumstances and which confidentiality might not be assured (Corey, Corey &Callanan, 2010). In addition, if the therapist is using non-established procedures, the therapist should inform the client of the nature and progress of the treatment, the risks involved, and the availability of alternative treatments. To ensure full understanding on the part of the client, the therapist should have face to face discussions with the clients and explain the contents of the document. Leaving the client to read the document and assuming that they understand the contents is ethically wrong. They should be certain that the client is fully acquainted with the processes involved in the treatment process in a direct conversation with the

Las Vegas, Nevada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Las Vegas, Nevada - Essay Example Las Vegas, Nevada ranks among the pioneer regions to embrace technological developments. This is because Las Vegas has always been a busy city famed for its earlier role in the entertainment industry. Investor’s focus on Vegas to initiate innovations that is marketable to populations living within the popular culture. This has resulted in unprecedented introduction of new technology to all groups of people. Kelion (1) highlights â€Å"Waterproof smartphone coatings, diet-aiding armbands and a social network that warns drivers of the latest police speed-traps were all on show†. Researchers have continually focused on Vegas to draw new statistics about the impact and spread of technological innovations. Population increase has also provided a viable market for technological goods that has since transformed the social interactions of the populations through facilitation of communication, speeding, and access to information. The technology scene receives support from the co mmunity who utilise it and provide the demand required for the re- production of technological devices. The advertisement industry entails the creation of awareness on new and old products in the market. Following the influx of non-native people, increased birth rates and advanced technology, advertisement strategies are more dynamic and practical. This is because there are many products in the market that offer similar values hence the need to inform the buyers of their existence and utility values. Advertisement in Vegas is fragmented and dynamic (Simich 2). They utilize technological innovations such as the internet, audio and visual channels as well as use of billboards and cards. The music industry has been vibrant in advertisement. This is because, the population comprises of many young people. The rap and rock music genres form the background music of many adverts. These aim at capturing the attention of the entire population because

Oedipus rex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oedipus rex - Essay Example When Oedipus understands that, he is the murderer of Laios , he insults the oracle and mocks him of his psychic power In rage of revealing the truth, the oracle is threatened to be overthrown from the kingdom. During the same encounter, the Oedipus history of killing his father and marrying his mother is revealed which was part of his history. Here we can see the anxiety of a person in knowing his past and the trauma and trouble it brings into the life of self and others. It is an ardent fact that our life is predestined, even though free will is working, God understands our choices and our fate is written far ahead of time. If we are ignorant or knowledgeable, what is destined will happen no matter how we resist it.Oedipus did the mistake of approaching the Oracle to know his past which completely destroyed his peace and mental balance. When it is the matter of argument between Creon and Oedipus , it started due to the conspiracy accusation of latter on former. Creon being a gentle man rationally explained to Oedipus about his disinterest in being a king and how he handed over the crown to Oedipus with full heartedness and kindness. Creon’s major points are that Oedipus’s kingdom is his granting and he explains that he is less interested in power and wealth as he already possesses them being his wife’s brother. The points seem rational as it explains that Creon has no hand in corrupting the throne of Oedipus. Here Jocasta sang a song to Oedipus about her first born son and his death on order to convince him that he is not the murderer of Laius. Oedipus in the play relates his life story to that of Jocasta in order to counter check whether the person he has killed is his own father. The story of Oedipus made Jocasta think that indeed Oedipus i her son as he mentioned he was called bastard by a drunk man in the kingdom of Corinth. The effect of the story on Oedipus was

Creative Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Thinking - Essay Example Brainstorming has become part of every management problem solving issue and lateral thinking is now part of any well-rounded planning process. Human beings seem to be born with the capacity to think creatively. Children, in the guise of play, begin to form their personality and their mind sets very early on in life. They creatively experiment with their own limbs as well as with the world around them. It is believed that this creative process in children is one, among many, reasons they can develop skills more quickly than adults. Their capacity for language acquisition is never greater than before the age of eight. A flash of insight, a clever way to do something, a realization of some truth about ourselves--all signal the activation of the creative mind. We deploy its enormous potential for creating new solutions in our lives when we free ourselves from many of our automatic reactions, reeducate ourselves to speak in original ideas not slogans, suspend judgment, avoid arguments and ego battles, listen more attentively, and think in terms of options instead of one right way. (Albrecht, 2002, p. 39) As illustrated by Einstein’s example, our brains tend to think in imagery. Words and language are the process by which we communicate and we are often forgetful about using imagery and our imaginations. Thinking in words, according to most researchers, comes after the brain has associated imagery with those words. Pattern recognition, which are brains are expert at, kick in but often concepts can become so concrete in words that we leave ourselves no other way of looking at it. By deconstructing that process with techniques like brainstorming, random input or provocation, derails our usually linear thought processes into more creative avenues. In the present study, imaging ability had a significant influence on creativity. Good imagers scored significantly better than poor imagers on

Media Meanings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Media Meanings - Essay Example Racism played a major role in this movie, seen as a negative aspect in the children’s attitudes and mentalities. Racism is defined as unconstructive behaviour on an incorrect assumption that one race is intrinsically superior to others. This is one of the many forms of bigotry which is defined as unjust actions directed against people based on their gender, race, nationality, ethnicity, language, or sexual direction. Throughout the movie, there are many examples of racism. Basically, the students going to that high school come from different background, and therefore, at high school, they create separate â€Å"tribes†. Such tribes where â€Å"south of the boarder – Latinos†, â€Å"little Cambodia†, â€Å"the ghetto†, â€Å"Wonder bread Land†, and others that were not mentioned. All of these â€Å"tribes† believed that their race is superior to the â€Å"other†, and if that â€Å"other† particular race would not exi st, their life would be much better. From this, many problems leading to violence, and even crime, aroused. Many students went to boot camps or jail for youths, and lost a lot of their friends because of gang related activities. In addition to this, in the movie it was mentioned that in Long Beach, the place where the action takes place, it all comes down to what you look like; Latino, Asian, Black, etc. They are so buried in their hatred towards each other that it is likely to get shot anytime you walk out of your door. The students fight each other for territory; kill each other over race, pride and respect. Prejudice is seen in the movie as well. Prejudice is defined as a set of opinions, attitudes, and feelings that unfairly cast a group and its members in a negative light, without legitimate reasons. In a way, prejudice is tied to stereotype. On the other hand, stereotypes are more a false or generalized belief about a group of people that result in categorizing members without regard for individual reference. One example of a combination

Apple innovation and strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Apple innovation and strategy - Essay Example The intention of this study is innovation as fundamental prerequisite for competitiveness and economic well-being. In major industries, to innovate has almost become less risky and since both consumer and industrial markets have come to expect regular changes and improvements in the products, most firms find it profitable to make innovation their grand strategy. Apple Inc., the American Multinational company that was established by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in the 1970s, has emerged as one of the most successful Fortune 500 companies; and perhaps the best known for innovation. It designed, manufactured and marketed personal computers, portable music players, software, computer peripherals and a number of different kinds of electronic products, through its own retail stores, online stores and sales force or third party sellers. Apple Inc. has been able to create and establish a strong brand name for the company through a number of strategic and innovative steps such as Macintosh, iPod, iPad, iMusic, iTunes, iPhone etc. As Kerin, Hartley and Berkowitz pointed, Apple Inc. has always been thriving on innovation. Its history showed that it has ignited the personal computer revolution during 1970s with Apple II, and it reinvented the personal computers in 1980s and gaining a brand loyalty with iMac in 1990s. It has alter been able to discover increased opportunities through iPod, Apple iPhone and 3-G iPhone in recent years. Apple Inc. has thus become academically important and practically an effective model since it has made use of technology and considered innovation as the central to its strategies. Milestones in Apple’s History Apple has been thriving on innovation, which in turn has helped it gain sustainable competitive advantages. Apple’s innovation strategy is very evident from its innovation designs, product differentiation, own-store retailing and brand loyalty focus. These strategic developments are detailed below: The Innova tion Strategy of Apple Inc. Product Designs Innovation can be of different forms and at different stages of product designs and development. A firm may innovate in manufacturing, or planning or designing, R&D, distribution, marketing etc. When it comes to Apple’s case, the main success factor was its innovation in product designs. Betz (2002, p. 194- 195) argued that Apple Inc. hasn’t long been coasting on borrowed innovative technology and it wasn’t a technology creator until the mid of 1990s. Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs then realized that an organization can never stay long on a technology leader strategy unless it becomes a technology creator. In 1997, Steve Jobs cut Apple’s total product lines to four such as laptops for consumers, laptops for professional users, desktop for consumers and desktops for professio

Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meeting - Essay Example As the first order of business under delegations/recognition the Spotlight on Excellence was awarded to a Pre-AP English teacher and Coach at Alamo Heights High School. Secondly, Alamo Heights Public Relations Awards were highlighted. Specifically, the Alamo Heights School Foundation and District Communication Office had received three state awards from the Texas School Relations Association. The specifics of those awards were discussed. Individual students’ achievement in state academic and sport competitions were recognized. Alamo Heights High School Student Council was also recognized for achieving the 2011 National Gold Council of Excellence Award from the National Association of Student Councils. The meeting then turned to possible items for action. A new format for elementary report cards were presented and the meeting informed that the new designs will be introduced in Fall 2011. No details were provided. Similarly, a strategic plan update was recorded in the meetings w ith scant information. The only information recorded was that the an update was provided concerning the plans for the â€Å"multiple lines of district communication† (Board Briefs, 2011). Other presentations were recorded similarly. For instance a revised dual language program and lottery procedures were presented without the benefit of any other details.

Chinese Traditional Religion Essay Example for Free

Chinese Traditional Religion Essay Religious practice in China today has elements as old as the Shang and Zhou dynasties and, dating from the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE), is marked syncretism–the combining of different forms of belief or practice. A good example is the construction of temple altars. It’s not uncommon to find Buddhist and Confucian figures in a Daoist temple. Nor is it extraordinary to see a self-professed Buddhist offer incense at a Daoist temple to a historical figure known for his Confucian virtues. China has been a multi-religion country since the ancient times. It is well known that Confucianism is an indigenous religion and is the soul of Chinese culture, which enjoyed popular support among people and even became the guiding ideology for feudalism society, but it did not develop into a national belief. It makes the culture more tolerant to others, thus, many other religions have been brought into the country in different dynasties, but none of them developed powerful enough in the history of China and they only provide diverse people more spiritual support. Confucianism, not a real religion, is just an ethical and philosophical system, which developed from Confucius’ thoughts and later was treated as a kind of belief to educate common people. Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (Master Kong, 551–479 BC). The Confucius’ teachings contained the beginning of a system of thought and behavior that developed into a sophisticated ethico-religious tradition. Confucianism was adopted by the Han dynasty (206 B. C.E-220 C. E. ) as the intellectual basis for its system of government and its educational program for training officials. Confucius emphasized principles for self-guidance. The key to producing a harmonious life, he wrote, is in how we treat others–our ancestors, leaders, parents, spouses, neighbors, and friends. Two other concepts that were predominant in Confucius’s worldview were Tian (Heaven) and Dao (Way). His heaven represented a celestial power connected with the will of mighty ancestors, such as the widely known Yao, Shun, and Yu. The Way, on the other hand, constituted a natural path for humanity. Whereas Heaven emphasized choice, the Way required a yielding heart-mind (xin); both were crucial for achieving harmony in the earthly realm. Daoism is one of China’s major religions indigenous to the country. The primary belief is in learning and practicing â€Å"The Way† (Dao) which is the ultimate truth to the universe. Also known as Taoism, Daoism traces its roots to 6th Century BC Chinese philosopher Laozi wrote the iconic book Dao De Jing on the tenets of the Dao. In the 1,800 years, Taoism influenced the local culture deeply, especially on traditional medicine and literature. Based on some theories of alchemists such as Wei Boyang in Eastern Han Dynasty, different kinds of medicine prescriptions were created by Sun Simiao and many other doctors. In literature, many fictional characters are closely related with Taoism, such as the Jade Emperor. Their philosophies, though, are like two sides of a coin. Laozi emphasized harmony with the Dao–a referent to something that cannot be named–in order to achieve balance in life. To assist this process, Laozi taught his followers the concepts of non-action (wuwei) and shade and light (yin/yang–primordial, dynamic balancing of opposites). The principle of non-action meant that one should discern the natural course of things and cooperate with that movement. The teachings of Laozi and Confucius were not incorporated into a religious movement until the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). The result was a mix of philosophy and religion. Over the centuries that followed, both Confucianism (Rujiao—the teachings of the scholars) and Daoism (Daojiao—the teaching of the Way) developed elaborate rituals and sacred writings. To this day the philosophies of Laozi and Confucius, and the religious movements their lives and teachings inspired, exist in vibrant forms in Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese culture as well. When first introduced, Buddhism faced competition from followers of Daoism. While Daoism (also called Taoism) is as old as Buddhism, Daoism was indigenous to China. Daoists do not view life as suffering. They believe in an ordered society and strict morality, but they also hold strong mystical beliefs such as ultimate transformation, where the soul lives after death and travels to the world of the immortals. Because the two beliefs were so competitive, many teachers from both sides borrowed from the other. Today many Chinese believe in elements from both schools of thought. Buddhisms popularity, led to the quick conversion to Buddhism by later Chinese rulers. The subsequent Sui and Tang Dynasties all adopted Buddhism as their religion. The religion was also used by foreign rulers of China, such as the Yuan Dynasty and the Manchus, to connect with the Chinese and justify their rule. The Machus strived to draw a parallel between Buddhism. a foreign religion, and their own reign as foreign leaders. Despite Chinas shift to atheism after the Communists took control of China in 1949, Buddhism continued to grow in China, especially after the economic reforms in the 1980s. Today there are an estimated 100 million followers of Buddhism in China and over 20,000 Buddhist temples. It is the largest religion in China. For most people in China, there is no problem with mixing religious practices. Unlike some other cultures, where religious syncretism and even tolerance are viewed with skepticism or condemnation, the Chinese have always had the ability to select the religious practices and teachings that work best for them at the moment. If a certain deity doesn’t answer a supplicant’s petition, then it’s on to the next temple and deity. In general religious pluralism simply adds to the many options from which the Chinese can choose on their journey toward a harmonious life.

The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell Essay Example for Free

The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell Essay The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell’s 2000 bestseller, discusses how some trends becomes gigantically popular while others fade away in the background without even leaving any mark. The Tipping Point, he says, is â€Å"the moment of critical mass, the threshold, the boiling point,† (12) where the â€Å"unexpected becomes expected, where radical change is more than possibility† but already a certainty. (13-14) It is when certain ideas, products, messages or behaviors suddenly turn into something of an epidemic, where everyone or majority of the people all of a sudden gets caught up in it without warning. We know right away that a certain trend has become an epidemic: its spread demonstrates contagious behavior, little changes had affected its growth tremendously, and it happened fast. According to Gladwell, these characteristics of an epidemic can be rooted to three factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Law of the Few is discussed in the second chapter aptly titled, â€Å"Connectors, Mavens, and Salesmen.† Gladwell explains that phenomenal trends can be attributed to the few people that, through word-of-mouth, are able to influence others to either love or hate the trend. Gladwell explains that â€Å"the success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the involvement of people with a particular and rare set of social gifts.† (33) Connectors link different people to each other and are referred to as â€Å"people specialists† (59). Mavens, on the other hand, are â€Å"information brokers† that possess, share, and acquire information on a lot of different products, prices, or places. (62, 69) The third type of influential people would be the salesmen, who can persuade and convince others into believing what they want.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Stickiness Factor is a trend’s unique quality of being memorable, or of being able to â€Å"stick† to the minds of the public. The elements that make something sticky are not really wonderfully big or exciting; in fact, they are actually the small and seemingly trivial things that appear to be counterintuitive to the norm or conventional wisdom. For instance, the makers of Sesame Street thought it would be a good idea to educate children through television, even though experiments and educational experts saw television as having low involvement. (99-110) The simple idea of using television to teach children surprisingly became a success, which had been followed by other educational viruses such as Blue’s Clues. As Gladwell puts it, â€Å"there is a simple way to package information that, under the right circumstances, can make it irresistible† or sticky. (132)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the Power of Context consists of the conditions and circumstances of the times and places in which trends occur. The environment and historical moments where the trend originates are also responsible for making it phenomenal. Contextual changes are responsible for tipping an epidemic, as is in the case of the crimes in New York City, wherein crime became a contagious behavior due to the circumstances in the city. (140-143) However, Gladwell also adds that Environmental Tipping Points can be changed and reversed, and even prevented. (167) Another element in the third factor would be social groups, which makes people â€Å"susceptible to peer pressure and social norms and any number of other kinds of influence that can play a critical role in sweeping us up in the beginnings of an epidemic.† (171) Socialization plays a large role in context, because the popularity of a trend also depends heavily on how the public responds to it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his conclusion, Gladwell redefines Tipping Points as â€Å"a reaffirmation of the potential for change and the power of intelligence action.† (259) After investigating two case studies that further exemplify the Tipping Point and its factors, he suggests that we reframe the way we think about the world, and accept that change is possible and constant. Work Cited Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000.

Aspects of English Language

Aspects of English Language The language is the collection of symbols and rules for combining the symbols, which can express and infinite variety of messages. In the definition, language separate to three criteria. First is language is symbolic which known as the use of symbols such in spoken or written words to express ideas to the world. The second is language is generative which define as the capability to produce many different messages by combining symbols in different ways. The third language as structured which mean following grammatical rules and produce grammatical sentences. Besides the criteria, language has three aspects such as grammar, meaning and sounds. Three Aspects of Language Grammar is known as a set of rules for producing correct sentences in a language. Meaning is known as semantic understanding of sentences but is not necessary grammatically correct. Meaning of words can represent by breaking them into morphemes which is known as small units of meanings. Morphemes include stem words, prefixes and suffixes. For example word unfairly which has stem word as fair adding of prefix un and suffix ly and these morphemes produces changes in word stem. Each of morphemes contributes the different meaning for the words. The sounds are also very important in language. Its produce the phonemes to understand the spoken sentences. In hierarchical organization when producing sentences people will make error in speaking or slip of the tongue. The errors also can divide into word errors, morphemes errors and phoneme errors. There are other types errors occur in the linguistic such as word exchange, morpheme exchange and phoneme exchange. Word exchange is an error in whi ch two linguistic units are substituted for each other during sentence production. For example buying mother for my fruits rather than buying fruits for my mother. The morpheme exchange is known as error in which two morphemes are substituted for each other during sentence production. For example, sentence like speakly loud rather than speak loudly. Finally, phoneme exchange is known as an error in which two phonemes are substituted for each other during sentence production. For example, twit nower for twin tower. Psychology and Grammar Psychologists are interest to study how people learn to speak in grammatically correct sentences. Phrase structure grammar can define as a set of rules for partitioning a sentence into its grammatical units and it has 3 rules. The first is partitions the sentence into noun phrase followed by verb phrase. The second rule is states that the noun phrase can be partitioned into a determiner followed by a noun. The third rule states that the verb phrase can be partitioned into a verb followed by noun phrase, which is again broken down into a determiner and a noun. But Chomsky (1965) found that the phrase structure grammar does not explain how sentences can be modified to form of similar meaning. Later it came up with transformational grammar which known as a set of rules for transforming a sentence into a closely related sentence. For example, how we change an active statement into a passive statement. Besides that, words can be grammatical clues. The relation between meaning and grammar is important because producing a grammatical sentence does not make the sentence will be meaningful. The meaning of words sometimes provides hints as to grammatical phrases will come next in sentences. Many words have more than one meaning but this would not confuse us. The context in which the word appears gives information about which meaning is appropriate. Carpenter and Danemans (1981) general model of the stages involved in the sentence comprehension. The first stage is as fixate and encode the next word and then second stage is retrieving the meanings of words. The third step is try to integrate retrieved concepts with prior context and the fourth step is seeing whether it has integration been successfully completed for at least one concept. If the integration is successful, the process encodes next code and if not successful, we try to recover the error. Using Semantic Context in Sentence Comprehension The word recognition is often facilitated by the semantic context. Sometimes, people face difficulties in recognizing a word when reading the illegible handwriting and they rely on the surrounding words and sentences to help us identify the illegible word. People also select the meaning of ambiguous words by looking context of sentences. In resolving ambiguities, good readers those who are active in working memory able to interpret of an ambiguous word and quickly select the suitable meaning when they receive a clarifying context. Interpreting phrases is to produce syntactic and semantic representations of a sentence and relate the sentence to prior knowledge. For example, when people heard phrase a business man and they might have few interpretation like have luxury cars, a big bangle and rich with money. Implication of Sentences Comprehension is considering how people understand sentences in which the information asserted directly. But, using language can imply something without directly. In Courtroom testimony, implications can influence not only how a witness responds to questions but also helps the jury to remember about testimony of witness. The implication without telling the original meaning of something can find advertising. Some advertisement tells the problems face by customer and show their product as solution. So that people then understand how the product functioning. Literature Review Title: Investigating the role of language in childrens early educational outcomes From: Sue Roulstone, Judy Clegg Tim Paters (2010) Children develop their language skill at 2 years old. Their communication environments influence mainly their language development. The communication environments are the context where the children improve their language for example, interaction or activity with child and parent, playing with others, television program and others. In childhood period most children develop their speech and language skills with less effort. Roulston, Clegg and Paters (2010) have conducted a longitudinal study about their communication environment in childrens early educational performances. They want examine the characteristics of the environment in which children learn to communicate and extends which affect children readiness for school (language skills, reading, mathematics and social skills). They came up with three research questions. First is what extent is childs early language development associated with performance on assessments in schools. The second is what extent is the childs early communication environment associated with performance on the assessments. Third is what are the characteristics of the children early communication environment that contribute to the children language developments. They conducted the study on children who are in 24 months from 4941 boys and 4688 girls. The test conducted with questionnaires which complete by the mothers. The data collected about children academic performance from children schools. They found that from view of impact of children early language development on school entry, the language influenced mainly from social class or social background where children come from. The learning early language made an important contribution to the variation in childrens performance. Children understandings and use of vocabulary are very strongly associates with their performance. Besides that, from view of the impact of children communication environment, children who are early ownership of book, trips to library, get good attendance in school, parents teaching with activities and toys achieved higher scores on the assessment. Children also improve language from television program however, the increasing duration in time of watching television affect childs academic at school negatively. From the view of role of communication environment in the development of language skills, both childrens language skills communication environment are important for outcomes at start of primary schools. Communication environment helps to learn vocabulary, understanding of meaning of words and develop speech. Therefore, the role of language becomes clear within 24 months. Parents should make sure that children have better communication environment which help them to develop their language skills.

Owney Madden :: essays research papers

for so many years. It was wasting away, but the Don Corleone from the UK would do everything he could to establish a name for himself, through a life filled with luck and crime. Liverpool, England, the birth to British and American Rock sensation, The beatles, was also the birthplace of one of the world’s most notorious killer. It was in Liverpool, England, 1892, that Owney Madden was born. However, only in 1903, did he and his family emigrate to New York and settle in the slums of Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen. At an early age, Owney joined the Gophers and despite his light build, he was renowned as a tough and crazy gangster. He was a crack shot with a pistol and he used his trademark weapon, a lead pipe concealed in a rolled-up newspaper, to great effect. He was nicknamed "Killer Madden" at the age of 17 because by that time he already had two murders under his belt. Many more would follow. Madden moved out of his family's tenement apartment and rented a house with Tanner Smith. Smith had been leader of a relatively unsuccessful street gang known as the Marginal Gang, but became a Gopher when the Marginal split up. Soon after they moved into the house, neighbors began to complain about the all-night parties that the two gangsters held. Members of the Gophers would often come over and spend the night drinking, gambling and brawling at Owney and Tanner's. When the landlord threatened to throw them out, Madden asked "Mister, did you ever hear of Owney Madden?" The man replied that he had heard of him and Madden said: "Well Mister, I am Owney Madden." Apparently, that was enough to intimidate the owner of the house, but the neighbors continued to suffer from their entertainment and one night, a number of policemen arrived to break up a party. When he spotted them Madden shouted through a window: "We'll shoot the gizzard out of any cop that tries to come in here." True to his word, when the sergeant knocked on the door, Madden aimed his pistol through the window and killed him. The police retreated, waited for reinforcements and then stormed the house, handing out severe beatings to the gangsters they found inside. They never discovered which of the men fired the shot from the window and Madden, still a minor, was released the next day on a $500 bond.

Essay --

Arsons Through Vandalism Arson is the malicious and intentional setting of fire to a building, house, business, forest, vehicles, and other properties. This type of arson motivated by vandalism is common to many juvenile offenders between 10-14 years of age (Radell Smith, Jan 26, 2010, Yahoo Voices), usually as a result of peer pressure or some type of gang initiation. Most type of arsonists don't typically live very far from where they commit their crimes. Commonly, they know the area really well where arson has been committed. It was said that 30 percent of arsonist can be found living half a mile to a mile from the crime scene of arson, 21 percent live within a five-block radius, and the rest of majority of arson fires are committed by someone living within a two-mile radius of the fire (Smith, 2010). Most of these offenders would flee the scene immediately after setting the target on fire, some would return to the scene of crime but safely keeping their distance to avoid recognition. (Welkman, n.d.) Arson has one of the highest rates of juvenile involvement and is a serious public safety problem, therefore juvenile fire setter became as a major problem in the field of arson because of peer pressures or as a part of initiating a member to the gang (Robertson, 2010). According to Peggy Little (n.d.), there are more arsons in the United States than any other country in the world, and the 1995 Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics showed that juveniles are accounted for 52 percent of the arson arrests. Most common juvenile arsonists comes from a severely disturbed home environment with one or no biological parents, with poor school work performance, has poor relationships with peers and the inabili... ...government agencies. Neighborhoods can reduce the likelihood of arson through awareness. Neighbors must always be on a lookout for anything that is suspicious in their neighborhood, and make reports to proper authorities of detailed physical descriptions of any suspicious people in or around their facility. Neighbors must know each other and be willing to look out for each other. Put the neighbor back into neighborhood by creating a sense of cooperation. Neighborhood Watch can play an important role in deterring future crimes such as arson or burglary. Building a strong and good relationship among government agencies like local fire department, emergency personnel, and law enforcement could be beneficial for the community in reducing arson. By making building safe and secure through these principles, society can help deter vandalism and arson.

Stereotyping in Society :: essays research papers

Stereotyping in Society I think it is pretty hard to go through a week without experiencing at least two or three incidents where someone or a group of people is being sterotyped. Whether it comes from jokes, television, comics, or just hearing people talk about other people, stereotyping is around all the time. The first example of stereotyping that I witnessed comes from the television show "That 70s Show." At least every episode the "crew," or group of friends always hang out, and they have a foreign exchange student for a friend. They don't know what country he's from but they always make fun of foreigners on the show. They crack jokes about him floating over on a raft to the United States and always make references to him being from different countries that he's not from just because his skin is dark. The jokes are funny and they aren't supposed to hurt the character's feelings, but they are very stereotypical. I saw a commercial the other day that was an advertisement for using protection during sex to help the fight against the spread of AIDS. The commercial starts out talking about how African Americans represent the leaders of sports because they have the best basketball players, leaders in baseball, and have the fastest track runners. Then at the end of the commercial they say that they are also leading the population of the United States in being diagnosed with the AIDS virus. When I saw the commercial I didn't really know where it was going and it is good that it ended with a serious message, but I didn't really agree with the way they presented it. It is probably true that African Americans make up most of some sports, but they didn't have to make it sounds like African Americans are superior to white people when it comes to sports. The third example that I witnessed was from the show Seinfeld. It was the episode where the character Elaine met a new boyfriend and she didn't know what race he was. The guy was slightly dark complected and a different race than white was expected so Elaine kept on taking him to different restaurants trying to figure out what race he was.

Mapping O’Connor’s “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

O’Connor, in response to her critics note that a certain amount of the significance â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† lies in its utility in terms of teaching as well as in literary analysis.However, in relation to this aforementioned utility, O’Connor also notes that the text should not be reduced to â€Å"a problem to be solved† to the extent that it is treated as something which one evaporates in order â€Å"to get Instant Enlightenment† (Fitzgerald 23).In line with this, what follows is an analysis of the aforementioned text [O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†] which opts to minimize the amount of ‘evaporation’ of the text for the purpose of literary analysis.In this paper, I will focus on the locations which were specified within the text. The reasons for this are as follows: (1) locations specified within the text serve to foreshadow the events in the text and (2) locations specified within the text serve to augment the theme of the text.In reading the aforementioned text, one of the first things that may noticed in the text, itself is the realistic setting of the story. The story is set in the state of Georgia. In the opening scene, one is presented with a family from Atlanta quarrelling about their vacation plans. The quarrel stems from the grandmother’s opposition of the family’s decision to take their vacation in Florida.The reason for such an opposition lies in the highly probable perilous conditions in Florida itself since it has been reported that a convict which â€Å"calls himself The Misfit† is heading towards the same direction [that being Florida].It is important to note that during the matter of this quarrel, the reader is presented with the initial details of the family’s travel [vacation so to speak] and the mileage that they will cover which will later tie up with the other details in the later part of the story. What follows this is a scenic description of Georgia in the eyes of this family.In this description of the places which the family passes, it is interesting to note that the family chooses to have lunch in a place called Timothy in Georgia. What is of interest here is that as opposed to Stone Mountain, Jasper, and other places that they pass by there is no known specific location in Georgia called Timothy [known in the sense that it has a place in the map]. The question thereby arises as to O’Connor’s rationale for placing the location within the story.In answer to this Asals notes that this is due to the heretical status of this family. According to Asals, one may conceive of the location [Asals] as pertaining to the gospel of Timothy which discusses â€Å"the opposition of false doctrine; the organization of the church and establishment of ecclesiastical regulations; and exhortations which indicate how to be a good citizen and Christian† (76).The importance of such, in relation to the story, may be understood if one considers the heretical condition of the aforementioned family. The heretical condition is evident in the opposition of the grandmother’s carriage and her actions during the period of her youth.O’Connor, in this sense, may be seen as portraying the parallel between her characters who have left the tenets of Christian faith and Paul’s warning to those who commit such actions.Within this context, it is thereby possible to understand O’ Connor’s work [specifically the aforementioned text] as enabling a certain form of locationality which opts to counter the â€Å"rationalistic, materialistic, and humanistic thought† which pervaded during her time.This is best understood if one considers the aforementioned interpretation in relation to her warning [as to the evaporation resulting from â€Å"Instant Enlightenment†].Within this context, it is possible to posit that within a materialistic [in a sense on a world highly grounded on realism] the choice of the path in which one chooses has a direct effect on the meaningfulness of one’s earthly life [in the same manner in which The Misfit took hold of the family]Works CitedAsals, Frederick and Flannery O’Connor. A Good Man is Hard to Find. London: Rutgers, 1993.O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. A Good Man is Hard to Find and Other Stories.Fitzgerald, Sally, ed. The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O’Connor. By Flannery O’Connor. New York: Farrar, 979.

Boston Red Sox Management Report Essay

The capital of Massachu organisets personnel casualty Sox be a privately owned shaping dictated in the Ken much Squ atomic number 18 get out of the city. The team plays at Fenway Park, located at 4 Yawkey style in capital of Massachusetts. The exit Sox Front Offices argon also located at Fenway Park. The park is presently celebrating its hundredth ground floor, and is the oldest park in Major group discussion Baseb entirely The organization is tall in structure only if is also departmentalized by function within this structure. At the dis bash of this structure ar the three owners, fundament Henry, Larry Lucchino, and Tom Werner.This ownership group purchased the capital of Massachusetts cherry Sox for $380 million in 2002 (Ozanian, 2012). nates Henry is the rose-cheeked Sox principal owner, objet dart Larry Lucchino serves as the President and CEO, and Tom Werner serves as Chairman. This departmentalization can be seen unmatched aim down in the hierarchy of the B oston Red Sox. Under the owners, there atomic number 18 sixteen antithetic departments. These sixteen departments inhabit of the typical organizational departments such as Marketing, Legal, Human Resources and Information Technology departments, unless there atomic number 18 also some(prenominal) environmentally detail departments.These environmentally specific departments include Ticketing, baseball Operations, Fan serve and entertainment, and Ballpark Operations. The heads of these sixteen departments report flat to the President and CEO, Larry Lucchino. The Boston Red Sox are privately owned and operated, meaning that they are non sold and traded on the bank line market and that all funding comes to daylight from the owners themselves. The Boston Red Sox gain virtually of their revenue through slating sales, as they are known for constantly having a full ballpark while having expesive ticket prices.In terms of sport, market, stadium, and brand management, they are v alued at $912 million, the second highest military rating of the thirty teams in Major conference Baseball (Ozanian, 2012). I spoke with Stephanie Maneikis, the senior coach for Fan Services and Entertainment with the Boston Red Sox. She is in charge of a plethora of different activities and bulk throughout the organization.These include managing Fenway Ambassadors, Yawkey Way Hosts, and Family inhabit staff, being he main involution for the players wives and families, executing the pre-game ceremonies that take place precedent to each game at Fenway Park, and overseeing the Yawkey Way and concourse entertainment. Stephanie told me that she began functional for the Red Sox in 2006 as a Fenway Ambassador. She graduated from college in 2007 and after that, spent the next year working in a part-time capacity. During that year, she proved herself worthy of more and more responsibility.During the off-season of 2008, her manager at the time left(a) the team and she was promote d to a full-time beat as Coordinator of Fan Services & Entertainment. afterwards a year as coordinator, she was named Manager, and was deep promoted to Senior Manager. Stephanie graduated from college with a lives of Arts and her major was history. She told me that everything unspoiled sort of happened and fell into place for her. She give cares to vocalize she was in the right place at the right time, but she told me that she knows that she has worked extremely stark to get to where she is today.I asked Stephanie about the working atmosphere within the Boston Red Sox organization. She told me that working for the Boston Red Sox is a lesson in what it means to multi-task. There is neer a dull moment and at any given time Stephanie could be working on 5 different projects, all of the utmost importance. It can be stressful, but at the end of the day she feels that its all worth it. Her co-workers wreak all the difference in the valet de chambre and everyone within the organ ization feels like they are part of one big family.I also spoke with Kellie Holden, an Elon graduate who presently lives in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Kellie told me that she is a 6th grade special direction teacher and she is accountable for educational activity students who agree reading and row based disabilities. We discussed how she got started with this type of work, and Kellie told me that she has always enjoyed working with children and during her senior year of high groom she had an experience volunteering in an inclusion classroom with regular and special education students. incessantly since that opportunity she knew that she wanted to be a special education teacher. I asked Kellie how she got her mull and what callings and experiences contract led her to her present position. She told me that all of the practicum and student teaching experiences that she had at Elon were extensive on her resume, but they didnt succor her too much with connections back in Massach usetts. She had a a couple of(prenominal) family friends who knew a few mess in the town she currently works in. They were able to pass on her resume and get her an inter public opinion.Clearly, having connections is important in all fields, not just business. Finally, we discussed whether she finds her tune exciting or boring. She informed that passing(a) at her melody is different. She is always teaching new things which keeps it exciting, but her students make her job the most exciting. Working with special education students, nothing is ever simple but they make her smile every day. Lastly, I spoke with Patty Vattes, the Senior Manager of Human Resources with the Boston Red Sox. I asked Patty what makes a successful utilize for the Boston Red Sox.She told me that the Red Sox view a successful hire as someone who is hard working, dedicated, innovative and free to go the extra mile. Next we discussed the Red Sox fire to hiring and whether promoting from within is an impor tant approach for the organization. She informed me that the Red Sox strive on the success from promoting from within. With almost all positions, the Red Sox look at internal candidates firstly and Patty told me that they are working on methods to improve that process. Lastly, I asked Patty what mistakes she has observe of unfulfilled candidates seeking to work with the Boston Red Sox.Patty said that an unsuccessful candidate with the Boston Red Sox is one who wants to work for the Boston Red Sox in any capacity and does not have a specific skill set or knowledge of the type of job theyd like to have. She told me that there have been many occasions when someone says theyll do anything just to work for the Red Sox, and that is never a good statement to make. Clearly, like any business, the Red Sox want people with various skill sets and a not someone who just wants the glamour of working for a Major League Baseball team.

Jane Eyre and Much Ado about Nothing Essay

Charlotte Brontes novel, Jane Eyre and William Shakespeares play, much(prenominal) Ado about vigour, two decoct on the themes of get laid Jane Eyre was written in 1851, the blue(a) era whereas Much Ado about nonhing was written in 1599, the Elizabethan era. Although on that academic degree whitethorn be over hundreds of years in the midst of them, both texts exhibit the ways the difficulties of love can be explored. Both texts imply that there will be difficulties as the family human births are established. Charlotte Bronte presents a flourishing relationship between Jane and Mr Rochester this is evident when Mr Rochester says My cute preserver satisfactory night unidentified energy was in his voice.Strange fire in his look. Charlotte Bronte intentions heatingate language to discover the organic evolution of love between Jane and Mr Rochester. The joint cherished underlines Mr Rochester genuine and tender qualityings towards her. Charlotte Bronte has also uti lise the word fire to describe the look in Mr Rochesters eyes, Bronte has deliberately used this metaphor to symbolise the ontogeny passion, evolution between Jane and him. By this point, subscribers begin to feel and see the developing passion between Mr Rochester and Jane.Bronte in stages establishes the growing passion between the two, as at vegetable marrow the ideologies of the twee era, Mr Rochester would take a shit been expected to marry individual of his own social class collectible to this Bronte challenges the square-toed reader to consider marriage outside a particular social class. Although, Bronte also uses actions instead of duologue between Jane and Mr Rochester to acquaint their love and trust developing as well as sidle uping the restriction of their opposing social classes, Bronte writes But he save retained my go crosswise and I could non destitute it.By having Mr Rochester retain Janes hand in a impartial manner, Charlotte Bronte creates a g radual tension between Jane and Mr Rochester to emphasise Mr Rochester accepting Jane as an equal, no matter of their social barrier. Brontes use of language and her miserable sentence in this restate lay offs readers to engage in the moment. Bronte achieves this by writing in first somebody to convey Janes internal monologue to the readers in rove to allow them to feel pity and almsgiving towards Jane later on in the novel.Bronte has also used tender language to portray the simplicity of the hand shake, the word retained suck ups the use of Brontes use of tender language as the word does not imply force or hurt in anyway, instead the action portrays Mr Rochesters affection towards Jane. Bronte has disguise Mr Rochesters value towards Jane in the form of a handshake to allow the intensity to grow within the two characters through this Bronte illustrates the trust between Mr Rochester and Jane as well as emphasising on the growing passion between them being confined into a simple handshake.Charlotte Bronte conveys the difficulties of love at the beginning of Mr Rochester and Janes relationship by emphasising on their social barrier. However, unlike Jane Eyre William Shakespeare has illustrated a contrasting relationship with actually minuscule development between belligerent and Claudio that has been merely base upon esthetics and lust instead of love and trust. When Claudio first notices whizz in Act 1, Scene 1, he says asshole the world buy much(prenominal) a precious stone. William Shakespeare used metaphorical language in order to present Claudios attraction towards hotshot.William Shakespeare has compared admirer to a jewel, something that is precious and aesthetically pleasing to the eye to highlight the contrast between the extreme overleap of development in their relationship as its found on lust rather than love, in equality to the relationship of Jane and Mr Rochesters. For readers, it is evident that there is very little exper ience in Hero and Claudios relationship as they are both extreme upstart characters. However, a jewel is also an object, which foreshadows Claudios sermon towards Hero promote on in the play.In contrast to Jane Eyre, William Shakespeare develops Hero and Claudios relationship on nothing notwithstanding attraction and lust, which highlights the vex ahead. In mine eye, she is the sweetest lady ever I looked on. once more this really highlights the attraction Claudio has for Hero is purely the conduce of, first, physical beauty and, second, the desire to marry a noble and virtuous woman. While Claudio cant be faulted for desiring such qualities in a wife, it is sex act that he is ready to marry her after exactly this first meeting and that he goes to Leonato, not Hero herself, to purpose marriage.This makes the hearing doubt the relationship between Claudio and Hero as its based single on attraction. Similarly between both texts they both introduce antagonistic characters th at pose problems and difficulties to the development of the relationships. Charlotte Bronte develops Jane and Mr Rochesters relationship slowly, which may make readers doubt the relationship, portend the trouble ahead. Bronte uses the technique of pathetic fallacy to highlight trouble unravelling further on in the novel. The enceinte horse-chestnut tree at the bottom of the orchard had been struck by lightning in the night, and half of it split away.This abduce ends the chapter of Jane and Mr Rochesters proposal. Bronte used nature several propagation in the novel to underline the approval or disapproval of a situation. In this scene, as soon as Jane accepts Mr Rochesters proposal, a bolt of lightning strikes the chestnut tree causing it to split in half, representing the trouble that lies ahead for Jane and Mr Rochester as well as symbolise their centers metaphorically splitting into two. Charlotte Bronte uses a serial of events to foreshadow the upcoming chaos within the novel. Bronte uses the bowelless of Janes veil to symbolise the upcoming heart break that soon tears her heart in two.Bronte uses Bertha to present clues to Jane by the events in the novel such as the fire and the violent of the veil. The tension builds as the novel draws closer to the hymeneals of Jane and Mr Rochester, this allows readers to adapt to the crew that is about to up rise following the espousals, the bring up I rose. There were no groomsmen, no bridesmaids, no relatives to wait for or marshal none only Mr Rochester and I. Mrs Fairfax stood in the hall as we passed. I would disposed(predicate) return spoken to her, only my hand was held by a grasp of iron. Charlotte Bronte presents a tense glory across to readers to exhibit on the darkness of the novel.For a wedding daylight, theres an extreme trait in emotion compared to a normal wedding. Bronte gets across an emotion of numbness from Jane, as its sibyllic to be the happiest day of her life but there was no one present as the wedding apart from Mr Rochester and herself. Bronte uses a range of language techniques to intensify the tension and peculiar atmosphere around Janes wedding, Bronte uses semi colons to create shorter and sharper sentences to exhibit Janes feelings when she notices the lack of a turn out, although this ends up tip to a givingamy wedding.Bronte has introduced Bertha as an antagonistic character in order to feature the horror within the spirit level to have a big impact on Victorian readers, as Berthas instauration is unbek instantlyn(predicate) to Jane and the audience. This leads to a bigamy wedding between Mr Rochester and Jane this affects the Victorian reader because during the Victorian era this matter would have been highly controversial. During the Victorian era, Jane would have been seen as a travel women if she were to go ahead with the marriage between Mr Rochester and herself, this was seen as being sinful and illegal.However, today Jane would not have been penalised over a decision like this. This allows readers to have a range of opinions on the decision that Jane is left handover with. Bronte uses contrast to highlight the distinction between Jane and Bertha in order to allow readers to accept Mr Rochesters acknowledgment into why he allowed this event to happen. Bronte writes, This spring chicken miss who stands so grave and quiet at the brim of hell looking collectedly at the gambols of a monster. I wanted her just as a change after that fierce ragout, Bronte underlines the very open distinctions between Jane and Bertha by having Mr Rochester compare them.Charlotte Bronte uses words such as grave and quiet to describe Jane in order to portray her as an innocent young girl who has had the mis-fortune to have been caught up in a bigamy wedding. Against Brontes use of innocent language to portray Jane she then presents Bertha by using a robust descriptive language to emphasise on the whim that Bertha is the co mplete opposite of Jane. Bronte uses the words hell, demon and fierce to describe Bertha in order to allow readers to understand that Bertha is more or less a monster.This has a big impact on Mr Rochester as he is left with a decision to make. Although readers have lost respect for Mr Rochesters character by this point, from the quote we almost feel pity for him as the revelation of Bertha is not only a big seismic disturbance to Jane but its also a big shock to Mr Rochester. Unlike Bronte, Shakespeare presents have on rumps plans through more of a comedic purpose whereas Bronte presents her antagonistic character through a theme of horror. Shakespeare presents bear johns plans by using the theme of deception and technique of salient irony to tear Claudio and Hero apart.In which the audience are put in a right position over the characters, as we are do aware of the events that are about to up rise. turn in washstand presents himself as a pure baddie throughout the play Sh akespeare deliberately had Don John to admit to his corruptive nature when he is introduced to the play, I am a plain dealing villain, I cannot hide what I am Shakespeare presents Don John like this to allow the audience to accept his evil nature, in a way this quote clarifies Don John as the meddling character.However, unlike Jane Eyre, Shakespeare uses the technique of dramatic irony to alert the audience of Don Johns plans to interfere between Hero and Claudios unpracticed relationship before either Claudio or Hero are aware. Through the deception that Don John is about to cause, Shakespeare creates tension and dread for the audience as we are aware that Hero is the innocent victim amongst all of this. However, when Don Johns plans locomote the comedic side of the play is revealed as it portrays him as a foolish character. The difficulties of love can lead to victims of love in which both texts result in enormous weddings.Jane and Mr Rochesters wedding ends with the revelati on of Bertha, Mrs Rochester, at this point of the novel the theme of deception is revealed which tears Mr Rochester and Jane apart, this was symbolised ahead on in the novel as the tearing of Janes veil. Charlotte Bronte uses Bertha as the impediment of Mr Rochesters and Janes relationship throughout the novel. Bronte writes It simply consists in the existence of a previous marriage. Mr Rochester has a wife now living. Charlotte Brontes use of short sentences in this quote emphasises the harshness the reality of Berthas revelation had on Mr Rochester and Jane.The short sentences have a shocking proceeding on readers as its simple and severe. The Victorian readers may feel relieved in the common sense that it means Jane would not be marrying Mr Rochester. However, the modern day reader would feel pity for Jane as her wedding day should be the happiest day of her life but instead her wedding has turned into a bigamy wedding. However, in Much Ado about Nothing the shaming of Hero a nd the theme of deception is seen as Claudios lack of trust, jealousy and male pride.Shakespeare writes Not to be married, Not to knit my soul to an approved wanton alike this quote has a shocking effect on readers as the use of punctuation highlights the clarification of Claudio not wanting to marry Hero which relates back to the very weak foundation on which their relationship was based on. Both texts show that, although there are lesson to be learned, the difficulties of love can be overcome. Jane runs away from Mr Rochester in result of her relationship falling apart due to her bigamy wedding. She fights a constant battle between her heart and head.However, she attempts to fight her natural instinct and nearly ends up marrying St. John but soon accepts that she has to be accepted to herself in the end. Charlotte Bronte writes The waters came into my soul I sank in deep mire I felt no standing I came into deep waters the floods overflowed me. Bronte creates tomography through t his quote to portray Jane drowning in her ruthfulness and confusion. Readers feel great pity for Jane. However, readers are conform to as Mr Rochester does get punished for his brutal actions further on in the novel.

Business Forms Worksheet Essay

thither ar seven few defecates of agate line re furbish up possessorship, federation, restrain financial obligation federation, function indebtedness attach to (including the star constituent LLC), S crapper, license, and deal.1. look and deliver common chord emoluments and trio blemishs for apiece c whollying process.2. pull up s plights a 100- to 200-word abbreviation in which you mete come in into account an sample argument that you would parachute for from to for individu everyy adept one whizz compliance. What is de jure un reverse tot upting to excite in coif to counterfeit that contrast? talk over at least(prenominal) unity of the reinforcements and one of the injurys of that frame. mend proprietaryAdvantages1. Income receipts enhancementes2. persistence of none3. ascendance of line of workDisadvantages1. indebtedness2. occlusion of involvement3. clog rearing smashingsummary repair priprietors ar non that unvoiced to f in exclusively up and maintain. For example, if soulfulness were to explode up a picture taking or beauty parlour c commensurate, past they ar considered to be a repair proprietor. existence a fix proprietor doer that you do non suck in to overcompensate a supplier or neglect on either debts, touch exclusively creditors whitethorn take the mend proprietors somebody possessions. mend proprietors essentialiness(prenominal) cross whatsoever and all lineage income or losings on their income app shake up drive come out on the IRS path 1040 with a document C attachment. conclusion to(prenominal) cities pick up that a touch on proprietor narration the product line. at one time they do this, the person give invite a railway line evidence or measure adaption certificate. As a touch on proprietor, control condition of backup is give-and-take because that somebody does non postulate to represent the rules or regulati ons psyche else has assemble out. They atomic number 18 fitting to fritter away prices they define check off and eject peg d choose got their receive hours. hassle ski lift gravid shadow be a consignment for almost sole proprietors who fatality to good deal up shop. It merchant ship cost a firm bill of currency to read billet and secure equipment. Without tight-laced equipment, the vexation could withdraw difficultness speech in customers. unionAdvantages1. effortless to attain attendantship2. more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) yeasty think3. more(prenominal) laudatory skillsDisadvantages1. apt(p) for some a nonher(prenominal) collaborationists actions2. part internet3. circumscribed breeding on alliance compendiumA alliance consists of ii or more sight kick in goting a case-by-case phone line. apiece teammate contri howeveres their sh atomic number 18 into the line of descent showing argonas such(prenominal) as aim and skill, stead, and cash. recognize a eating house for example. either decisions ar do unneurotic including some(prenominal) issues, mesh, or motley of self-command. A federation evoke be blowsy, only expensive. all told profit moldiness(prenominal) be shargon as since the attendants atomic number 18 contactly invested in the mastery of the restaurant. close to coordinates that be deprivation of a federation atomic number 18 enrolment K-1 since they ar non considered employees, proposed quislings. For evaluate purposes, encourageers mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal) make full out wasted valuees such as income revenue income, self-employment evaluate, and estimated revenue enhancement. A union call for to evidence with the IRS as rise up as province and topical anaesthetic revenue agencies that leave behind support with harboring stick outs and task ID come. It is easy to earn and confederacy since nor mally it is with individual that person trusts in all aspects, further the issues may fig out causation a particular(a) demeanor on the partnership. moderate obligation leagueAdvantages1. tractability2. indebtedness protective covering3. impose advantagesDisadvantages1. death of partner2. Partners non adverting3. bullion and property becomes possess by partnership compactA express mail obligation partnership consists of each partner having protection chthonian ain obligation. The LLP is not a cave in entity for tax purposes, just now profit and losings are musical theme on each partners tax impart. Because this is a partnership, each partner has equal rights in the guidance. What is smashing just rough a bound liability partnership is the flexibility. tractableness leave alones the partner to lay drink a authentic role of control over the environment. Partners who do not consult each other dirty dog have issues in the future. This could gra tuity to the obstruction of the bon ton or a throwing of a new-fangled partnership. To stretch forth short a peculiar(a) liability partnership, partners must immortalize and relegate it to the depository of recount along with the compulsory fees. A peculiar(a) obligation alliance alternate(a) trade protection formulation transmittal form must be recordd as sanitary. at once these documents are approved, the deposit of allege adieu on come substantiallyhead-nigh stamped copies of the forms as healthy as a protection of alteration to the partnership. exceptional liability Company, (including the atomic number 53 ingredient LLC)Advantages1. liberty in management2. eternal proprietorship3. Pass- with revenue enhancementDisadvantages1. receipts2. building hood3. brass regulations compendiousA particular(a) liability company consists of a case-by-case proprietor, or sometimes more than one possessor, and are not taxed as set off calling entit ies. each(prenominal) lucre and losses stall through the job to those who own the company. Owners must report profits and losses on their in-person tax return buck away as a stomach, partnership, or sole proprietorship. If the LLC is ran by a single owner, they rouse a 1040 chronicle C form as a sole proprietor. Partners blame a 1065 form consisting of a partnership, and a form 1120 is depositd if the LLC is register as a tummy.The LLC must be registered such as the farming fellowship Commission, subdivision of occupation and Consumer Affairs, part of Consumer and restrictive Affairs, or the sectionalisation of grassorations and commercial message Code. The commodious affair about an LLC is that the owner has emancipation in management. The owner is able to affect the formation as they wait fit not respond to anyone, that there are giving medication regulations they must obey that bay window obstruct some of that freedom.S tummyorationAdvant ages1. protect assets2. aboveboard conveyance of title of self- entrust3. levy creditDisadvantages1. Restrictions on in-person line of credit self-possession2. evaluate fashioning obligations3. encompassing(prenominal) IRS scrutiny heavysetAn S slew is an bailable municipal smoke that is able to avoid picture tax. usually the potbellyoration and regionowners are two taxed infra a kitty, so S tidy sum avoids the extra taxation. The cheek is not considered an S corp until it is fitted downstairs IRS stipulations. The employment is not taxed itself, moreover stockholders are taxed. The S Corp must register with the IRS, advance, and local anesthetic revenue agencies that allow for permits and tax ID numbers. Depending on the defer, all S army corps are not taxed equally. To file as an S Corp, you must file as a corporation and have destinyholders file a 2553 form to reckon if the corporation qualifies. In an S Corp, tax ascribe are a precious advant age because only the wages of an employee who is a shareholder go into employment tax. The disadvantage of S Corp is that the IRS keeps close tabs on all tax files.FranchiseAdvantages1. Increases endangerments of production line concern victory2. Provides establishes products from general tell on quote cite3. Provides dealershipe freedom to absorb their own businessDisadvantages1. Franchisee must concur with franchisor on procedures and restrictions2. Franchisee must brook advertizing fees and ongoing royalties3. circumscribed privilege engagement compendium soul who owns a dealership is volition to take on a business, but at a lower place the privilegers rules and regulations. The rightr provides the causa of services, pose selection, training, products, and trade plans that willallow the franchisee to run the billet chthonian this guidance. Franchisees provide the fetch up be as healthful as the money for day-after-day operations.Types of forms that are utilize in franchises intromit a UFOC, franchise agreement, owners agreement, suppuration agreement, and subfranchise agreement. What is great about owning a franchise is that the business owner increases their chance of turn successful. some franchises do well, while others accomplish not so well which could delimit the owners franchise agreement.CorporationAdvantages1. agate line markets push aside help raise gravid2. head of possession to person with highest share certificates3. Owners contribution, regarding liability, is at station sooner than personal assetsDisadvantages1. Requires central regulatory permission and itemization on transmission line exchange2. carte du jour of directors3. dual taxation compendiousA corporation consists of some(prenominal) tasks for obtain up. The business necessitate to accept with state corporation rules. Directors require to be appointed as well as the many a(prenominal) forms modify out. near of these forms ack nowledge articles of internalization along with filing fees that are require. By laws need to be absolute as well as number note certificates to the shareholders. by and bythis, obtaining licences and permits for the business is prudent. This includes woof out form 2553 to obtain assess ID numbers from the IRS. A permit from the state is required depending on the state. The advantage corporations have is that the shareholder with the most share certificates becomes the neighboring owner if someone were to blackguard down or pass away. A disadvantage is the picture taxation. revenue not only includes the business, but the shareholders as well.

Mutagen

Quantification of a Mutagen baccy engraft plant fructify plant plant By Selenia Lopez November 30, 2012 dent 44 gip baccy is unremarkably apply and polishs one thousand cardinals until this day. baccy is a likely mutagen c exclusivelyable to t protrude ensemble the chemical centre of attentions added. The hint underwrite Ames mental rilling was conducted to examination at what submersion of baccy plant plant was it at the approximately mutagenic. The shot of this taste was as the do exploitation of baccy plant increases, the prepareing of bacterium increases. The mark for this prove had a UV optimistic and a UV damaging. quaternion incompatible tobacco preoccupancys, Salmonella Typhimurium of manakin 1538 were incubated for 24-72 hours to look on bacteriuml increment.At a one C% bacteriuml developing was at its superior anatomy of liquidation and at 5% the mutagen was at its to the lowest item. These dissolving agents reflec ted that tobacco has the exponent to flex with fall out histidine devising it a mutagen and at which niggardliness was it the al well-nigh mutagenic. demonstration A mutagen is a mental object which increases the oftenness of con pas seul in a plant or sensual population, which gutter take partlight to a configuration of consequences or alterations in the deoxyribonucleic acid body social structure (Ligorio, Izzotti, Pulliero, Arrigo 2011). Salmonella organism a mutagen tail assembly causation sportsmans much(prenominal) as substitution, insertion, deracination and cast gaffe depending on the carry.S. typhimurium carries a imperfect agent do it unavailing to synthesise histidine from its civilization medium. whatever fibers of mutations keister be converse with the agent indemnity its function. tobacco plant having tons of chemicals with chess opening of organism mutagenic is know to go through an estimated 6 million large round ecumenic to distri scarceively one course of study and drains $ calciferol trillion annually. It offer be consumed as a pesticide and in the mark of nicotine tartrate. It is al to the highest layer(a) metres utilise in some medicines, scarce roughly comm lone(prenominal) utilize as a drug. The theatrical role of Ames running play is base on the premiss that whatsoever center field that is mutagenic. For this eason the FDA examples the Ames outpouring to riddle galore(postnominal) chemicals to mea indispu display boards the mutagenic enduringness in bacterial cells (FDA 2012). In this taste to exam whether tobacco is mutagenic and if so at what assiduousness has the superior bacterial offshoot. The get alongting cover Ames assayify was conducted. though its a flashy mutant of the Ames tryout, the government issue were mum compatible. The possibleness of this taste was as the minginess of tobacco increases, the development increases. The sterling(preno minal) emersion should slide by in the century% dumbness and the to the lowest degree(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in the 5% parsimoniousness. Methods and materialsThe reach out for the tasteation was an agar main office that had a UV imperious matchant with a cognise mutagen, and UV interdict actant that hasnt been reactant with anything. With a little pipet that amounted to 250ul, tier TA 1538 of Salmonella was Obtained and situated on to the nutrient agar family and allot with a sterilized rod. The foursomesome theme records that take a crap been nettled in the 5%, 25%, 50%, and ascorbic acid% of tobacco niggardness were lay pose unconnected on the graduated phonograph recordingoncert. The crustal base was certain(a) and drive it in the brooder at 37 degree for 24-72 hours. Results dining table 1 The table provides the absorption of mutagens to the phone human activity of colonies thinkd.Concentrations Colonies blow % 39 50% 13 25% 8 5% 2 The fudge resulted in the UV electro confirmatory having step-up and the UV prohibit having no(prenominal) at all. At a hundred% bacterial emergence was at its sterling(prenominal) add of small town at 39. At 5% the mutagen was at its least with and when when 2 colonies. preaching The mutagenic answer of the chemical has ready some(prenominal) bacteria to think the baron to jump without histidine in tobacco, cause the composition of the colonies convergen around the dish antenna (Pounikar and Dawande 2010). not only is a tobacco a mutagen, just clo real ontogeny change magnitude as the submersion increase.The meditation was back up correspond to the entropy immortalize in the table. dismantle though the saucer were some dislodgeed. The bes game were pipe down attainable. The blow% density had the highest bacterial habituation and the 5% meanness had the least as predicted. In future day look intos, m uch(prenominal) than than trials muckle be done. In allege to ask sure the results ordain hang on the corresponding both cartridge holder or use incompatible mutagens to attend how they react in the one hundred% density. This suit of try out posterior similarly be serviceable in purpose out whether green goddess tobacco or manduction tobacco is more mutagenic or if the distinct brands demand a contravention on how mutagenic they send packing be.Works Cited Asiatic daybook of biotechnology Resources Pounikar, R and Dawande, A. Y. (2010). espial of dominance carcinogens by Ames running. inside 01 57-64. discussion section of wellness Sciences Ligorion M, Izzotti A, Pulliero A, and Arrigo P. (2011) Mutagens arbitrate with littleRNA evolution by inhibiting DICER. An in silico biological science analysis. inside 10. 1016 www. FDA. gov Li Y, Yan J, Bishop M, Jones MY, Watanabe F, Biris AS, sieve P, cream puff T, subgenus subgenus Chen T. (2011) Gen otoxicity military rating of te dioxide nanoparticles utilize the Ames show and Comet assay.MutagenQuantification of a Mutagen baccy By Selenia Lopez November 30, 2012 separate 44 defraud tobacco plant is ordinarily utilize and kills millions until this day. tobacco plant is a possible mutagen due to all the chemicals added. The spot scatter over Ames visitation was conducted to demonstrate at what preoccupation of tobacco was it at the close to mutagenic. The surmisal of this look into was as the tautness of tobacco increases, the harvesting of bacteria increases. The overlook for this try out had a UV verifying and a UV shun. intravenous feeding antithetic tobacco minginesss, Salmonella Typhimurium of tune 1538 were incubated for 24-72 hours to observe bacterial process.At a degree Celsius% bacterial branch was at its superlative number of liquidation and at 5% the mutagen was at its least. These results reflected that tobacco has the big business man to capture without histidine do it a mutagen and at which parsimoniousness was it the most mutagenic. instauration A mutagen is a nubble which increases the oftenness of mutation in a plant or savage population, which derriere lede to a class of consequences or alterations in the desoxyribonucleic acid structure (Ligorio, Izzotti, Pulliero, Arrigo 2011). Salmonella macrocosm a mutagen drop cause mutations such as substitution, insertion, cut and throw shift depending on the strain.S. typhimurium carries a bad divisor do it in lay outive to synthesize histidine from its subtlety medium. nearly types of mutations privy be transposed with the factor yield its function. tobacco plant having lots of chemicals with contingency of being mutagenic is cognize to kill an estimated 6 million state cosmopolitan each form and drains $ calciferol cardinal annually. It rump be consumed as a pesticide and in the form of nicotine tartrate. It is sometimes utili se in some medicines, scarcely most commonly used as a drug. The use of Ames test is ground on the impudence that any substance that is mutagenic. For this eason the FDA uses the Ames test to blanket some(prenominal) chemicals to measures the mutagenic specialty in bacterial cells (FDA 2012). In this experiment to test whether tobacco is mutagenic and if so at what stringency has the sterling(prenominal) bacterial increase. The spot enshroud Ames test was conducted. though its a cheesy version of the Ames test, the result were even so compatible. The shot of this experiment was as the niggardness of tobacco increases, the growth increases. The superlative growth should keep in the one C% immersion and the least in the 5% dumbness. Methods and materialsThe wangle for the experiment was an agar-agar main office that had a UV supreme reactant with a cognise mutagen, and UV negative reactant that hasnt been reactant with anything. With a micro pipette that amou nted to 250ul, strain TA 1538 of Salmonella was Obtained and place on to the agar plate and spread with a sterilized rod. The four base discs that extradite been unfaltering in the 5%, 25%, 50%, and one hundred% of tobacco concentration were placed pose apart on the plate. The plate was soused and place it in the brooder at 37 degree for 24-72 hours. Results sidestep 1 The table shows the concentration of mutagens to the number of colonies observed.Concentrations Colonies one C% 39 50% 13 25% 8 5% 2 The statement resulted in the UV positive having growth and the UV negative having no(prenominal) at all. At a blow% bacterial growth was at its greatest number of liquidation at 39. At 5% the mutagen was at its least with only 2 colonies. word of honor The mutagenic effect of the chemical has caused many a(prenominal) bacteria to regain the energy to grow without histidine in tobacco, create the formation of the colonies seen around the disc (Pounikar and Dawande 2010). not only is a tobacco a mutagen, but colony growth increased as the concentration increased.The surmise was support check to the data show in the table. plane though the disc were pretty shifted. The total were passive attainable. The deoxycytidine monophosphate% concentration had the highest bacterial settlement and the 5% concentration had the least as predicted. In future experiments, more trials cease be done. In sanctify to progress to sure the results entrust run the comparable each time or using early(a) mutagens to see how they react in the coulomb% concentration. This type of experiment usher out in any case be serviceable in finding out whether dope tobacco or masticate tobacco is more mutagenic or if the different brands make a dissimilarity on how mutagenic they shadow be.Works Cited Asiatic diary of biotech Resources Pounikar, R and Dawande, A. Y. (2010). sensing of authority carcinogens by Ames test. inside 01 57-64. segmen t of health Sciences Ligorion M, Izzotti A, Pulliero A, and Arrigo P. (2011) Mutagens hinder with microRNA maturement by inhibiting DICER. An in silico biology analysis. inside 10. 1016 www. FDA. gov Li Y, Yan J, Bishop M, Jones MY, Watanabe F, Biris AS, sift P, chuck T, Chen T. (2011) Genotoxicity paygrade of si dioxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and Comet assay.