Quantitative Methods for Business Essay

In January 2008, Northern Airlines merged with Southeast Airlines to create the fourth largest U.S. carrier. The new North-South Airline inherited both an aging fleet of Boeing 727-300 aircraft and Stephen Ruth. Stephen was a tough former secretary of the navy who stepped in as new president and chairman of the board. Stephen’s first concern in creating a financially solid company was maintenance costs. It was commonly surmised in the airline industry that maintenance costs rise with the age of the aircraft. He quickly noticed that historically there had been a significant difference in the reported B727-300 maintenance costs (from ATA Form 41’s) both in the airframe and engine areas between Northern Airlines and Southeast Airlines, with Southeast having the newer fleet. On February 12, 2008, Peg Jones, vice president for operation and maintenance, was called into Stephen’s office and asked to study the issue. Specifically, Stephen wanted to know whether the average fleet age was correlated to direct airframe maintenance costs, and whether there was a relationship between average fleet age and direct engine maintenance costs. Peg was to report back by February 26 with the answer, along with quantitative and graphical descriptions of the relationship. Peg’s first step was to have her staff construct the average age of Northern and Southeast B727-300 fleets, by quarter, since the introduction of that aircraft to service by each airline in late 1993 and early 1994. The average age of each fleet was calculated by first multiplying the total number of calendar days each aircraft had been in service at the pertinent point in time by the average daily utilization of the respective fleet to total fleet hours flown. The total fleet hours flown was then divided by the number of aircraft in service at that time, giving the age of the â€Å"average† aircraft in the fleet. The average utilization was found by taking the actual total fleet hours flown on September 30, 2007 form Northern and Southeast data, and dividing by the total days in service for all aircraft at that time. The average utilization for Southeast was 8.3 hours per day, and the average utilization for Northern was 8.7 hours per day. Because the available cost data were calculated for each yearly period ending at the end of the first quarter, average fleet age was calculated at the same points in time. The fleet data are shown in the following table. Airframe cost data and engine cost data are both shown paired with fleet average age in that table.

The Emerging Concept of Disposition in Education

In the article written by Renee L. Taylor and M. Mark Wasicsko entitled â€Å"The Disposition to Teach†, it is state that there is an emerging concern for the role that disposition plays in being an effective teacher (2000). By effective, the authors mean a dynamic and well-rounded human being that can bring changes to the lives of people through education and learning and is also a master of the methods in teaching (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000).On the other hand, the term disposition is that which means to be the â€Å"personal qualities or characteristics that are possessed by individuals, including attitudes, beliefs, interests, appreciation, values, and mode of adjustment† (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000). It can be concluded that disposition has a relationship with level of effectiveness in teaching. Moreover, Taylor and Wasicsko enumerated different dispositions that are related to effectiveness in teaching (2000). The authors made a review of the past literature regardi ng dispositions and compiled these qualities in the text.They are concerned with relationships with peers, students, views on teaching, views on students, views on self, interpersonal relations, and intrapersonal relations (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000). However, an effective tool for measurement is yet to be determined that will add to those being used as of the moment such as student teacher journals for preservice teachers, Perceptual Rating Scales, written human relations incidents, and interviews (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000).Moreover, there is an on-going call for the dispositions related to effective education to be introduced in educational learning institutions, one of which is in the University of Northern Iowa and other Iowa colleges are starting to follow (Taylor and Wasicsko, 2000). Inevitably, the role of disposition as related to effective teaching will have an impact in initial certification programs. Valid and reliable criteria and predictors of disposition that are rela ted to effective teaching will have to be formulated, examined, and reformulated to ensure that these dispositions will lead to effective behaviors in teaching.With this, initial certification programs will have to put more emphasis on disposition of incoming teachers, still along with intellect and skills. It can be observed that even the most intelligent teacher may turn out to be the worst without the desired aspects of disposition and skills. The right mix of intelligence, skills, and disposition has to be identified and this will have to be incorporated in the initial certification programs for teachers. Moreover, human beings are created uniquely and each one will carry a different set of attitudes and beliefs.These attitudes and beliefs that a person possesses govern the actions that he/she might elicit towards the environment. Thus, no one persons can be considered perfect and will be able to possess all of the desired traits, attitudes, and beliefs as listed in the studies conducted regarding disposition. It is however, to be noted, that a lot of people will possess at least a portion of these traits, attitudes, and beliefs to become an effective teacher. The keyword to be remembered is the ability to adopt changes and the quality of being flexible.The ability to change one’s disposition to become an effective teacher should start at an early stage. As the article of Taylor and Wasicsko shows, it is already being introduced to education students in the University of Norther Iowa and other colleges in Iowa (2000). The research on dispositions has to be refined to be able to use this in theory and in practice. For preservice teachers, it is necessary for them to adopt desired traits, attitudes, and beliefs early in their careers in addition to their inherent disposition to become effective teachers.This is a good foundation for their career path as educators because it is important to be able to start with the necessary qualities. For the practic ing educator, there is the need to constantly hone personal disposition to meet the changing and growing trends in educating the society. The study of disposition is a growing part of the field of education. More research has to be done and persistent inculcation of the new-found theories is to be applied into practice to contribute to effective teaching.

Analysis of the Possible Effects of the Caste System

In this modern day and age, many countries are moving towards globalization. With the current changes and improvement in technology, people easily share and exchange goods, products and services for economic and social development. A lot of opportunities are given to many people so they can take part in globalization and uplift their living. However, there are still countries that seem to lag behind because of their internal problems in regards to inequalities. India with regards to its present global profile is seen to be one of the rising economic powers in the world.In spite of its vast supply of labor especially the skilled workers, this country still remain a low-income one and poverty is still a big issue. This said problem is considered a result of its caste system. The Caste system divides people of India into four groups. This system decides for Indian people what they should do for living for their entire life. The Caste system did help the Indian society to be structured a nd organized. However, the system in the modern days was only an obstacle for India. It is considered as one of the most dehumanizing systems the world.The caste system is making a big gap between the rich and the poor. The extent of and trends in inequalities and poverty in India affects global trends because of its large population size and majority of its population fall under the poverty line. Due to globalization with the mass improvement of transportation and communication, nations are competing against other nations of the entire world. In a modern society, where time and resource are truly valued, the Caste system has held back India by wasting some incredibly talented individuals of lower caste.This system has made the poor suffer most. They were stripped of an opportunity to learn and be employed on bigger companies. This said situation has further led to the marginalization of the already marginalized people. With the growth of India’s gross national product, still the labor force in agriculture remains too high while those in the manufacturing sector are low. There is no doubt that a striking feature of India’s growth performance in the past years has been the growth of the services sector like IT, software and BPO industries.There is no doubt that India has employed millions of people for this industry but as impressive as the figure seems, it is too small if they are seen against the overall size of the country’s labor force. Employment is the service sector still lags behind. Additionally, employment is only concentrated in a few large cities and very few people from the rural and poor area find jobs in this sector because they lack the required skills. In other countries, the service sector tends to gain a larger share of employment.The rising of globalization has made people move from one place to another easily. Also education has also helped people disregard gender and social inequalities. If India would remain strict on recognizing the caste system, it will pose a threat for them in the future. The world is one, and how a nation deals with its immigrants is really important for the future of the nation. Many people now are intolerant to inequalities and discrimination. Therefore, India may be losing investors or possible capitalists just because of the system.The Caste system cannot make India a stable country anymore, since there is no spot in the system for immigrants to India. India should not lose what it was built for and based on. However, they should be really careful. The caste system may give birth to possible social unrest that may dismay or discourage other people to go to their country. This social blindness can be cured only when there is the realization that all people are created equal and have equal intrinsic value and worth.

The Difference of Children's Life Between Past and Present Essay

The Difference of Children's Life Between Past and Present - Essay Example The physical activities helped them achieve very strong and muscular physique. Contrary to that, children of the present age have almost no time for outdoor physical activities. The schooling system is so advanced that children find very little time for enjoyment and relaxation. Therefore when they do get some time, they tend to surf the Internet or play video games. Even during the major portion of the day when they are studying, they are constantly using computers and the Internet because the contemporary educational system heavily depends upon the use of technology. As a result of this, children of the present age gain weight because of sitting for hours and hours continuously. Most children of the present age are either overweight or obese whereas others are too skinny. â€Å"Exercise is an important part of any daily regimen and diet, but it is even more critical for children† (Breedon). Very few children of the present age have a physique that is comparable to the childr en of the past. Children of the past were not very sharp. The main reason for this might be there lack of interaction with technology. Children of the past had seen very little world. They used to remain only in the city where they were born. They would play there, work there, and live there. They had very little information or knowledge about the world beyond what they had seen. Children of the present age are very sharp and intellectual. Again, the main reason for this is their interaction with technology. Computers and television have made it possible for the children of the present age to see the world beyond where they are and remain in constant contact with their friends abroad. This has made the children of the present age far more intellectual and informed as compared to the... This report approves that the changed lifestyle has had mixed effect on children. The positive and negative effects of the change on the children are almost equal. The positive effects of the changed lifestyle on children include increased intellectual skills and competence in the use of technology, expanded social network, availability of more opportunities of academic and professional growth. The negative effects of the changed lifestyle on children include but are not limited to increased consumption of junk food leading to many diseases including diabetes and obesity, increased number of teenage pregnancies, distance from the elders especially the grandparents emotionally as well as physically, reduced practice of religion, and increased susceptibility to violence and cybercrime. Modern age children are not very obedient. This paper makes a conclusion that lifestyle of the modern age children is so different from their lifestyle of the children of the past that the two have very rare common elements. From the standpoint of diet and physical activities, children of the past were much more privileged and advantaged as compared to the children of the present age. From the standpoint of intelligence and general knowledge, children of the present age are much more advantaged than the children of the past. Children of the past were emotionally closer to their elders than the children of the present age.

Pictorialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pictorialism - Essay Example These picture communicated political messages during the periods between the world wars. The element of socialism was supported by some photographers and was commonly conveyed within the published pictures. Journalism and advertising are some of the other techniques which were increasingly utilised by photographers during this period in seeking to communicate different messages. The element of advertising and journalism were increasingly utilised in publicising different social evils which were affecting the populations during the period between the wars. These two techniques were fundamental in the development of bulletins and dedicated activist journals during the avant-garde photography period. The Montage Poster, by Lewis Hine presents a photograph which has utilised the techniques of journalism in creating awareness among the population. The artistic qualities of photo have been enhanced through the utilisation of the technique. Besides Renger-Patzsch, there were many other photographers who shared the sentiments of not borrowing any qualities of art in photography.one of the photographers who shared similar sentiments as Renger-Patzsch, was Man Ray. Both photographers believed and advocated for a total overthrowing of the elements of photography which had been borrowed from art. The photographic qualities which are being referred are the elements commonly contained within photographs which can also be seen within many artworks as well. The differentiation between artwork and photography would occur through the creation of authentic features of photographs. One of those qualities is organisation of photographs which contained many elements of artwork, seeking to engage the viewers through presenting something they were familiar with. According to these photographers, creation of photographs required the presentation of texture and essence of an object and not in the organisation of the image(Elkins, p56). The qualities

Makeovers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Makeovers - Essay Example It is through our outward appearances that we project who and what we are to other people. Regardless of how much an individual resembles the idealized images portrayed on movies and in television programs, though, there is a clear and consistent message that the average viewer sitting at home is never ‘good enough’. â€Å"Indeed Smith believes that women view their bodies as ‘objects of work’ requiring attention and upkeep in order to operate well and promote the desired effect†. Weintraub quotes Extreme Makeover creator Nely Galan regarding the reasons she started her reality show. â€Å"You know, women are always saying, ‘Oh, if I had a personal trainer and chef like Oprah, or liposuction like actresses do †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Well, we’re going to give them that.† Critics of these shows discount the professed counseling and other therapy offered as meaningless coatings on the real issue at hand, which is â€Å"getting you that new b od, the one that will make all your friends and family at last see you as being ‘hot’.However, for many people, being able to classify themselves as being in the ‘in crowd’ is all they need to feel the confidence necessary to make the changes that lead to a better life. It is this hope for the future that the programs play on, both for those participating in the program and for those at home watching their television sets. With confidence that your home, your garden, your abilities, etc.

International Political Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Political Economy - Essay Example The traditional approaches of the IPE include the realist, liberal, and Marxist theories that existed before IPE was considered a distinct discipline academically. This paper is going to explain how the feminist IPE theory uses the concept of gender to comment on traditional theories, the insights it provides and then apply the theory to a current IPE event, institution, or conflict. The paper will also discuss the functions a hegemon should provide for the global economy, provide examples of how the United States has served as a hegemon since the end of the World War II, and thereby explain how its role has changed in the current society. Pease (2009) stated that the feminist IPE theory is one of the new approaches in international relations and its focus is to understand the effects of gender on international politics and the feminist understanding of the international processes. According to the feminist theory, gender refers to the expectations and societal norms that are appropriate for female and male behavior. For instance, men are expected by the society to participate in violent activities outside the home environment such as war while the women are expected to care and nurture children back at home. The gender analysis examines the roles of women and men in the society beyond the anatomical differences and it is clear that there are activities that can be done by both men and women (Waring, 1995). According to the ideologies presented by Waring (1995) it is can be argued that economic, social, and political relations in the society are planned around the gender identities. The Feminist IPE theory uses the co ncept of gender to challenge the hidden agendas of the traditional IPE approaches of liberalism, Marxism, and realism (Pease, 2009). Pease (2009) stated that liberalism is an approach that believes in the autonomy for

Learning English on internet compared with leaning English in class Essay

Learning English on internet compared with leaning English in class - Essay Example Several researches have also been conducted to find out the efficacy of internet in helping these students learn. It is found that internet is a way through which the students begin to enjoy learning as a process as they get to choose the exercise that they want to practice. Internet provides the students with a platform where they can engage in activities and use their web page accordingly so that they can be able to deliver accordingly. The research points out that even the students who were unwilling to study in the class, were able to concentrate when given the platform of internet. Moreover this not only helped the students get engaged with the activities but it also improved their pronunciation and kept them motivated. In other words internet is providing a platform through which students can be motivated and in such a manner these students can be able to learn better (Pawlak, Bielak & Wiertelak 2014). A survey by the teachers also shows that the students prefer having online c ourse material when it comes to learning English (Ting 2007). Another advantage of internet learning can be seen in terms of the different types of software that have been developed. This software allows the student to understand English with the help of translation into their home language which they are more comfortable with. This can clearly help the English Second Language learners when compared to the ones who are trying to grasp the language in the classroom (Wilkinson & Shatz 2010). On the other hand the problems with internet can also not be undermined. Internet provides a lot of data to the learners and the students are at will to choose as to which exercise would they like to complete. This brings a problem to the teachers as many students prefer to choose exercises that they are comfortable with. Moreover it also becomes necessary for the teachers to keep a check on the students as

Company Report of Barratt Developments PLC Essay

Company Report of Barratt Developments PLC - Essay Example In the comparison of the company’s recent performance to that of its closest competitor, Taylor Wimpey Plc it is noted that thou it generates more revenue than this competitor it posted lower profits due to huge expenditure arising from a huge debt repayment. Under the third section of the report, the strategies of market penetration and development are presented as the reasoned strategies for the future economic success of the company. 1.0 Introduction The historical background of the modern housing sector in the United Kingdom indicate that initially the sector was dominated by the government and private companies, which constructed houses for their workers but there was very little participation of private specialized construction companies. However, this changed with the increased pressure to adopt the neo-liberalization economic practices that encouraged privatization of most public corporations and led to the emergence of specialized construction companies, which revolut ionized the housing sector and resulted in the development of unique, well-designed, and constructed houses and business premises (Lowe, 2011). This report focuses on the Barratt Development PLC, which is among the largest residential property development companies in the United Kingdom. It has been in operation since 1958 and is largely acclaimed with the development of the UK residential property sector (Lowe, 2011). This study will commence by looking into the economic environment in which the Barratt Development PLC operates. Secondly, it will critically appraise the company’s financial performance in the recent years whilst comparing it to its closest competitor. Lastly, the study will incorporate an economic model and provide related information as appropriate in order to devise reasoned strategies for the future economic success Barratt Development Plc. 2.0 Economic environment in which Barratt Developments PLC operates Among the crucial economic factors that can indic ate the health of the UK economic environment in which Barratt Developments PLC operates in include interest rates and the prevailing income levels (Myers, 2013). This discussion will also incorporate an analysis of the impact of government policies on the housing sector and their impact on the operations of Barratt Developments Plc. 2.1 Interest rates In the studies conducted by Myers (2013), he stated that the interest rate levels within a country largely determine the accessibility of credit and in this case the accessibility of mortgage. The rate of interest at which borrowers are going to repay back their mortgage largely determines the booms and busts on the UK’s house prices. If the rate of interest charged on mortgage finance is considerably high, first time homebuyers will be discouraged and this will lead to a bust in the housing prices due to the low demand. If the level of interest rate is perceived to be at an affordable rate then first time homebu

Poetry anthology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry anthology - Essay Example The poems are organized into three sections: first "seasons" like spring, summer and winter which talk about the changing seasons of love: from hope of new love in spring, to warmth and passion in summer. Although there is no poem entitled "winter", it is dealt with in the first poem, showing a transition from "frozen faith" to "growing green". The second section deals with elements like "sunshine", "rain", "wind, "fire" and "sea". I wanted to do the four elements but instead the poems just happened this way. I found it was very natural to compare love to sunshine, and tears to rain but this is a bit clich, so I decided instead to use rain in terms of quenching a thirst with a kiss. The poem "wind" associates wind and freedom, and doing things that society doesn't expect you to do when you are in love, while "fire" is a good transition to the next section "violent elements" because it talks about things like "fire" and "lightning" and "thunderclouds" which are frightening and violent but are beautiful too, like love is. Then the section "violent elements" transition into "stormy night and the end section with only one poem: "evening" which talks about love dying like the day dying. I know that people will say that it is common to write about love and to compare it with nature, but I think these poems are different in that they try to avoid the usual clichs. I am very grateful to the person that inspired this anthology - even though there are many painful things to feel and say about love, it is a life-changing experience to have. I. SEASONS spring I know it's spring when the leaves turn green again when my soul like shriveled straw starts to grow green again when my frozen faith in life and love starts to melt and thaw again when my heart that's brown and cold opens at the touch of your hand summer the smell of flowers in June goodbye which came too soon and your memory which fills this room the sound of tropical waves the burn of bright sun rays and your memory which stays and stays the taste of yellow fruit the bitter taste of truth and memory of lost youth II. ELEMENTS sunshine like I'd miss the sunshine if it went away like I'd miss the stars at night like I'd miss the air I breathe I miss you so when you're out of sight like the sand would miss the waves I miss you so when you're away and as there's such a drought in my heart I miss you like grass misses rain rain I run a mile through wind and hail and storm and gale through fire and flame to quench my lips in the rain of your kiss sea I feel so blue my world is gray all my world without you is like a ship gone away I looked at you you smiled at me all my life without you is like a blue blue sea Every time the waves rush in I just feel so alone Every time the tide goes in I remember you're gone wind wind in my hair sun on my face what do I care got to leave this place dirt on my heart mud on my feet where do I start I just got to be free blood on my hands wine on my cheeks feel so high can't even sleep forget these chains forget society I'm drunk with love in love with your sanity fire sometimes it's fire sometimes it's lightning sometimes it's thunderclouds and rain I'll tame a sunset when times are frightening to be your light through darkness and pain III. VIOLENT NATURE thunder cloud eyes of wonder laugh of thunder take me under with your kiss smile like heaven I rise like

Image of death Essay Example for Free

Image of death Essay As she attempted suicide, â€Å"I am not his yet.† She is possibly tempting death as the quote â€Å"..how badly I photograph†, suggests death may have been stalking her and Plath is possibly taunting him back as he insults her, or it may also be that Plat is not ready for her death photograph yet. Plath shocks the reader by talking about children in coffins in such a matter of fact manner, â€Å"He tells me how sweet the babies look in their hospital icebox†, paradox, as the beautiful and ‘sweet’ children are linked to death, â€Å"Ionian death gowns†, again Plath contradicts the beauty of the gowns with the horrifying image of death. Plath uses simple but very harsh descriptions to portray death amongst children, â€Å"two little feet† very graphic in a simplistic way. Plath explains death is in two forms, a traditional view of death and the other one a more modern view of death. She portrays the death as very laid back, â€Å"He does not smile or smoke† as before cool people, celebrities and models smoked, so people followed them but death does not as he’s not trying to be popular. The â€Å"other† death Plath describes with â€Å"hair long and plausive† and also suggest that this death does smoke â€Å"the other does that† giving this death a more positive feel, making him more modern and more appealing. An act of masturbation, seen as a powerful act as it’s done alone â€Å"Masturbating a glitter† almost as if Plath is saying that death thinks he’s special as he’s masturbating a glitter, â€Å"he wants to be loved† paradox, as you can’t love death. Plath suggests the idea of rigourmortus although it’s ironic as she’s still alive â€Å"I do not stir†, or it may be Plath suggesting that she’s dead on the inside, and that her emotions may have gone stiff. In contrast to Plath’s poem â€Å"Death and Co.†, Hughes poem â€Å"Examination at the Womb-Door† emphasises on death owning existence as even as soon as you are born you face death but death still being inferior to God, as the examiner being God the questions throughout the poem are very authoritive, suggesting that Hughes may think that God has authority over death. The title could possibly be Hughes signifying the point of crossing into the physical world. It seems as if sees death as the starting point: Man has been living, just to get experience to pass an exam before God, also giving a very ominous feel to death, the ultimate fear of all mankind and a sacrilegious tone to the poem. It maybe that Hughes sees the soul as immortal as when the crow is asked â€Å"But who is stronger than death?† the crow replies â€Å" Me, evidently† as the crow is immortal due to the rebirth cycle, so despite the body’s death, the soul remains, therefore the crow is in fact stronger than death. Hughes uses negative adjectives and pronouns throughout the poem possibly to remark the deficiency of the human body against death.

The resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance of a wire Essay For my experiment I will use Constantan, This is because it gave me the widest range of results, so it makes it easier for us users to see and understand whats going on. The thickness I will use will be 32. This is also because it gave me the widest range of results. I also chose this type of wire because it did not get hot very easily. This is a good thing because it will be a fairer test (when temperatures stay relatively the same) and there is less hazards involved. The length of wire I will use- I will use the following lengths of wire-. I think these lengths of wire is suitable for the experiment. 10 lengths is good enough to show us a general pattern. Equipment- -Ammeter -A 1m ruler (to measure length of wire) -At least 8 electrical cables -Voltmeter -Power Supply unit -at least 600cm of Constantan -crocodile clips Method- 1. Connect the electrical circuit as shown in the preliminary work. Make sure all the wires all connected correctly. Note that the voltmeter has to be connected in parallel because it has a very high resistance, current will not be able to go through. 2. Before doing anything else, set the voltage of the power supply unit to 0V. Then turn on the power Supply unit (PSU). 3. Connect the piece of wire of desired length to the two crocodile clips (both ends) 4. Now set the PSU dial to 2. Turn on the Machine. Allow readings to settle then record readings from the ammeter and the voltmeter. 5. Turn of Machine. (avoid the wire getting hot) 6. Do the same adjusting the dial switched to 2, 4 and 6. Change the lengths of the wire each time using the following lengths- 20, 40 60, 80,100, 120,140,160,180,200cm. Record the readings from the ammeter and the voltmeter. 7. Once you have finished all the experiments you have to divide the volts by the current (amps) to find out the resistance. It is explained how to do this in the analysis later. Analysis Analyzing the Graph- From the pattern on the graph, we can tell that my prediction was correct. An increase of length gives you an increase in resistance. This can be seen because the line of best fit is moving upwards while the length of wire is increased. All the points on the graph are almost on the line of best fit, it was very easy to draw the line of best fit. There were one or two points that did not fit the line completely. These were the last two lengths. 180 and 200cm. This could have happened due to some experimental errors. The graph proves that as the length of the wire increases the resistance of the wire increases proportionally. This means that if we double the length of the wire we also double the resistance. How I calculated the results- Resistance = Voltage / Current So for example: Voltage = 0. 51V, current = 0. 15A. Therefore resistance = 0. 51 / 0. 15 = 3. 95? I then averaged all the results (readings on the dial 2, 4 and 6) to come up with a final pair of results which used to plot on the graph. Conclusion- From the graph we can tell that almost all the points are on the line of best fit. The length of wire and the resistance is directly proportion to each other, as in they rise together. If we double the length of the wire the resistance will too double. This proves that the resistance of the wire will vary according to the length and width of a wire. The longer the wire the higher the resistance. The length of the wire and the resistance rise together. The increase in voltage is increasing the amount of energy transferred every second in the circuit. My theory is, if length of the wire increases, there is less chance for the electrons to go through. Most of them bump into the atoms inside the piece of wire, therefore increases resistance. According to my graph my prediction was correct; a rise in length is a rise in resistance. Evaluation Problems encountered- The problems encountered were very mild except for when we were taking measurements for small lengths of wire. The wire got very hot; it was difficult to take readings because the readings on the meters kept on changing in high ranges. How accurate were my results- My results may not have been extremely accurate however when we draw the line of best fit we can see the pattern quite clearly. It is good enough for us to find and interpret a pattern from the line of best fit. The ruler we used may not have been entirely accurate. Also, the voltmeter and the ammeter is limited to 2 decimal places, and are not entirely stable (the readings are always changing). We can only measure an approximate reading. How ever as I said earlier I feel my results are good enough to show us a general idea of what is happening. Comment of the overall experiment- Overall, I feel that the experiment was done in a quite good state. Yes there were 1 or 2 anomalous results; however the line of best fit still turned out as expected. 10 results is good enough for us to draw a decent and accurate line. All in all most points lie very closely to the line of best fit. The line is quite reliable as it turned out as expected (i. e. it matches my prediction) and it also matches the research I had done previously. It shows us a general pattern of the length of wire and resistance being proportional. Things I could have done better- The experiment could have been done much more accurately. I could have used a more reliable ammeter and voltmeter so readings can be more accurate, they can be more stable and corrected to more decimal places, in this case there will be fewer errors in the graph. We could also have used fewer wires. The wires we use have a very slight resistance, therefore affecting the experiment slightly. Besides all this there is not much else we could have done. The experiment could have turned out better if the equipment used was much more advanced (explained above). However as said earlier the results are good enough to show me a general pattern and allow me to analyse what happens.

Why Radical Right Parties Struggle to Maintain Support

Why Radical Right Parties Struggle to Maintain Support Explaining the rapid decline in support for radical right parties in Western Europe Abstract The general trend amongst the radical right parties of Western Europe has been a steady increase of fortunes in elections to the national legislature. However, cases in France, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands have presented a phenomenon whereby the party haemorrhages their share of the vote soon after an electoral breakthrough. The aim of this work will be to highlight why (where it occurs) parties of the extreme right have struggled to maintain the consistent support of a large portion of the electorate and explain why this decline is more rapid than traditional mainstream parties. Introduction Background Amongst observers of Western European parties of the radical, or extreme, right there has been a general consensus that the last three decades have exhibited a trend of resurgent fortunes. Since the collapse in support and legitimacy for such parties in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War and the onset of the Cold War, they initially struggled to establish an electoral foothold in both the traditionally and newly democratic systems of Western Europe. Approaching the 21st Century, though, most countries in Western Europe witnessed an upturn in fortunes for the radical right, with many achieving the status of mass organised parties and becoming a persistent presence in national legislatures. Consequently, academic literature has tended to focus on the reasons behind this phenomenon, observers attempting to provide explanations behind the electoral performance of specific parties or an over-arching explanation of why radical right parties appear to be becoming increasingly p opular and successful in elections to national legislatures. This has provided several factors which are generally considered to be conducive towards the success of the radical right, such as: populist appeal; charismatic leadership; shifting debate in the political spectrum which creates a niche which the radical right alone can exploit; increasing salience of radical right issues; notably immigration and race relations; decline in voter confidence in the traditional democratic elites (including electoral effects of voter apathy); and increasing perception of mainstream party corruption; and inability to deliver on critical issues; and more. Taking the general theme of research in this area, then, one might assume that the fortunes of Western European radical right parties has on the whole been of increasing, or at least stable, electoral fortunes. Indeed, in researching for this paper, it has been noted that electoral results for radical right parties to national legislatures has in almost all Western European countries been improving over the last three decades. However, there are certain cases which present an interesting question regarding the futures of such parties and the continuance of this trend. This is the question of whether they are institutionally capable and stable enough to maintain support and legitimacy, as well as operate as a successful governing party once they have achieved significant success. Such success we might define as the institutionalisation of the party as a relatively permanent feature in national elections, with reasonable potential to participate in coalition negotiations or be a signif icant factor affecting the passing of bills and focus of debate in the national legislature and media. As mentioned, for many parties this is already a reality, or could realistically become one, but four cases suggest that once extreme right parties have reached a certain level of support, they encounter the same risks as many other institutionalised parties with regard to reversals in fortune. However, I will argue that many of the risks they face are unique to parties of the radical/extreme right, and hence why in the cases under study the decline in support has been so rapid. The cases under question regard when parties of the radical right experience a reversal of the general electoral trend, namely a decline in support. As mentioned, examples of this have been the exception rather than the rule, but are of significant interest because of the fact that radical right parties are still essentially niche parties. The cases investigated in this paper Austrias FPO, Frances Front National, Germanys Die Republikaner, and the Dutch parties of the radical right have all at some point experienced a significant downturn in electoral support in national elections. In 2002, the FPO slipped from 26.9% of the popular vote to just 10% after a tumultuous period in coalition with the OVP, and though experiencing a resurgence in fortunes, the party has suffered from Haiders split to form the BZO. In Germany, the Republikaner party went from being a party with European Parliament and Landtag seats and polling over half a million votes in federal elections by 1998, to a sp lintered and no longer apparently extremist party which has almost dropped off the electoral map in federal elections. The French Front National has been an ever-present and outspoken feature of French politics since Jean-Marie Le Pen burst onto the scene, but after the unexpected success in the 2002 presidential elections, they have been unable to maintain momentum, with numerous internal spats and a slide a results in 2007 Le Pens lowest result in presidential elections since 1981, and the National Assembly results more than halving. Finally, the Netherlands presents an interesting case, whereby several radical right parties have scored seats in general elections, yet so far all have swiftly collapsed, despite what might be argued is a fertile ground for the radical right as a force in Dutch politics. These cases stand out because of the unusually damaging decline in electoral fortunes, which buck the trend of established radical right party performance over the last three decades. Whilst there are examples of established radical right parties (i.e.: parties which have representation in the national legislature over several terms) which have suffered electoral setbacks (notably the Alleanza Nazionale in 2001, Norways Fremskrittspartiet in 1993), such declines in support have been relatively minor, and such parties have recovered from them swiftly. This paper seeks to provide some explanation as to why the reversal in electoral fortunes for the four parties under investigation here has been so rapid. Whilst there have been cases elsewhere in Western Europe of radical right parties suffering electoral setbacks, none have been so markedly significant as these, where the parties under examination have experienced declines in performance of at least 60% in elections to the national leg islature in the space of just two elections. In two cases the LPF and Republikaner this has been near a near terminal decline; in the case of the FPO, this was followed by a significant split from which they are only just recovering; and the FN are left at in a difficult position, particularly given the age of their ever-present leader Jean-Marie Le Pen. These results stand in stark contrast to the general story of radical right success in recent decades, where a decline in votes for an established party has been both relatively minor and recoverable from, the four parties under investigation have experienced what appear to be electoral nose-dives. Consequently an examination of the reasons why these four parties have suffered such unusually damaging results might help to produce interesting results concerning how the parties of the radical right operate as an electoral force and any unique challenges they face in consolidating themselves in the party systems of Western Europe. Previous research in this area As mentioned earlier, general research into the declining fortunes of the radical right has been relatively sparse and overwhelmed in comparison to the amount of research conducted into the reasons behind success for the radical right. Much of the general work into the radical right as a new phenomenon has provided useful grounds for research into decline, most notably Herbert Kitschelts The Radical Right in Western Europe (University of Michigan Press, 1995), which posited that the radical rights success in the late 20th century can to a large extent be explained by an electoral systems effect on voter choice. This seminal work has gone some way to explaining the differing levels of success exhibited by the radical right, offering a plausible reason why there appear to be significant limits to radical right success at a national level in mixed and majoritarian systems, such as the UK, Germany and Scandinavia, compared to systems which are more proportional or have lower thresholds for entry into legislatures. It is useful to take into account the effect of electoral systems, given that many individual and general studies suggest that successful radical right parties will often exhibit very similar traits with rega rd to leadership style, policy platforms and party organisation, and in particular the mobilisation of electoral coalitions on common policy issues; yet these similarities stand in contrast to electoral results which might vary greatly. Though Kitschelts theory as elucidated in The Radical Right is intended primarily to explain the conditions for radical right emergence and success, it has also been to some extent used to explain the converse why the radical right might experience a decline in success. However, the great weakness of Kitschelts study is that it is so concerned with explaining conditions for emergence. Numerous studies have gone to show that taking the converse of Kitschelts theory that electoral systems can explain reversals in success for radical right parties will not provide satisfactory explanations of the radical right phenomenon. Partly this is because the electoral systems model cannot account for reversals in success once a radical right party has become established. Indeed, if we take Kitschelts theory strictly, we might conclude that once a radical right party has established itself as a legitimate and vote-winning parliamentary party (i.e.: it has broken through the electoral thresholds and maintained representation for at least one subsequent election), then it is unlikely to fall back into a position whereby it retreats into permanent decline despite a permeable electoral system. Significant counter-examples to this notion exist, most notably the Dutch example, whereby the radical right has broken through electoral barriers to make relatively significant gains, only to suffer rapid and terminal decline, despite little change to the electoral system and the obvious salience of radical right politics amongst a stubborn group of extremist voters and significant group of protest voters. The issue is further complicated when we consider the effect of other actors in the electoral system. Two studies in 2005 (Veugelers and Magnan; Meguid) complimented an approach which showed how flawed an analysis of electoral systems can be when considering the reasons for a decline or restriction in the success for radical right parties. The Veugelers Magnan study sought to apply Kitschelts electoral systems theory, although the study was specifically aimed at analysing the conditions for far right strength. The significance here was that the study A.) suggested that the conditions for far right success were dependent to a significant extent upon the structure or restructuring of party competition; and B.) that an application of the electoral systems theory could not satisfactorily explain the (varying levels of) success for parties in France and Austria. Whilst Meguids studypaid little attention to electoral system features as a variable, it did present strong evidence that the a ttitudes of ‘mainstream parties towards niche (including radical right parties) is crucial to the electoral fortunes of a niche party at a general election a theory backed up by Art, who believed the differing levels of success experienced by the German and Austrian extreme right was primarily attributable to mainstream responses to their presence in the arty system. The structure of party competition is therefore of interest, as it provides the possibility of a significant external factor which might effect a decline in support for a radical right party. Individual studies have shown the significance of mainstream responses to radical right issues when it comes to electoral performance. Generally, there is a lot of divergence across countries with regard to cross-party adoption of and attitudes towards the policies and issues canvassed by the radical right. This is partly due to the nature of political discourse in each country, with what we might call ‘radical right grievances amongst voters and politicians alike rather diverse. Whilst the primary issues championed by the radical right tend to be common (foremost amongst which are immigration, race relations and anti-establishment platforms), the salience of these issues amongst voters varies significantly from country to country, and accommodation of such issues likewise. For instance, m ainstream responses to immigration and race issues in Germany are rather muted by mainstream fears of being accused of auslà ¤nderfeindlichkeit, despite it being a highly vocal issue at local level in contrast, there has been a marked shift in strategy amongst the French mainstream since the early 1990s to accommodate issues popularised by Le Pens outspoken rhetoric. Again, much of the general work on party system effects on the fortunes of the radical right has centred upon their emergence and the conditions for success, rather than failure. A general theme popularised by Ignazi (1992) was that the evolution of political discourse in post-industrial Western Europe to focus on neo-conservatism and neo-liberalism had opened up and legitimised dialogue concerning issues traditionally confined to the extreme right. Given that these same themes are to some extent still prevalent today, it might be suggested that any decline in fortunes for the radical right might be due to internal factors affecting radical right parties, rather than the result of further shifts in the political spectrum which havent been evidenced. However, Ignazis theory has become less popular recently, with studies such as Abedi (2002) suggesting that radical right parties are just as successful where ‘overcrowding of the centre is evident as when the centre parties open up (as Ignazi suggested) to allow possible entry. Further to this, no obvious correlation between a fall in support for the radical right and a change in the party system can be drawn. This is partly due to difficulties in producing a coherent model of the party system which analyses such a correlation, as well as because responses to the influence of a radical right party tend to be driven by particular or extraordinary events in the short term, rather than medium- and long-term shifts in discourse. Particularly evident are the cases of the LPF and FPO, whereby shifts to actually accommodate these parties in government by pragmatic coalition partners were immediately followed by a rapid decline in support, even though the overall terms of political debate did not significantly change over the period in question. This might lead us to agree with Abedi that any change in support for the radical right is largely unrelated to the degree of polarisation exhibited by the party system. We m ight subsequently take the view that a decline in support for a radical right party has an ambiguous relationship to restructuring of the party system. Given this we might look to the manner in which parties of the radical right garner support in the first place (excepting any influence from external actors such as those discussed above). Studies in this area have again tended to concern how the radical right achieves support in the first place. A recent example is Ivarsflatens (2008) study, which supports the theory that the only grievance mobilised by all radical right parties with any success is that of immigration. Importantly, this study suggests that radical right parties are just as effective when no particular grievance is mobilised (intentionally or not). This presents one of the more crucial issues that the radical right faces, namely how to deal with a voter base which tends to be split along three lines first, committed voters who are attracted to the partys general platform; second, voters who would normally vote otherwise, but are attracted because the issues touted by the party (in particular, immigration) suddenly b ecome more salient; and thirdly a protest vote from those voters who have become particularly disillusioned with mainstream parties(more on this later). The suggestion, consequently, is that it is not a change in policy or grievance issues which effects a drop in support for the radical right, but rather a partys response to changing perceptions of legitimacy and reliability as a legislative grouping. This is particularly important given that radical right parties so often emphasise themselves as anti-establishment, meaning they risk de-legitimisation if they acquire the labels of ‘corrupt and ‘ineffective which they hurl at mainstream parties. Having to contend with these issues, radical right parties have consequently developed rather unique party structures in order to respond effectively to voter issues. Of particular interest is common assertion that the radical right tend to be populist parties. For numerous reasons too extensive to list here, radical right parties have relied heavily on new media and the appeal of a charismatic and outspoken leadership. Due to their small size relative to mainstream parties, as well as the more transitory nature of their voter base, they have tended to rely heavily on alarmist campaigning, often gaining press coverage in excess of their size or real influence, in order to get heard and maximise their effect on party dialogue. This is a regularly observed strategy, even if it weakens or threatens solidarity and effectiveness in the party leadership. One key objective of such a technique is to widen and enhance their voter appeal, but in order to work successfully radical right parties have often had to ‘water downproposals, or at least simplify them in order to fulfil the need for soundbites and slick campaign material. Such campaigning, and a reliance on uniquely charismatic and authoritarian leadership (a common feature across the most successful radical right parties), is a factor common to most radical right parties, particularly those under study in this paper. Hypotheses Given the variety of factors affecting the establishment and growth of the radical right, it might be reasoned that there are numerous reasons behind the failings of radical right parties where they have occurred. Although external factors such as party system structure, electoral system and the nature of the electorate have been shown to have an effect on the performance of radical right parties, existing research suggests that this is most significant when a radical right party is emerging. However, I will seek to show that whilst these factors can be part of the reason for a decline in support for radical right parties, they are not necessarily primary causes. In particular, in the four cases under investigation, the hypothesis is that the external factors mentioned are not significant enough to explain why the decline in support for these parties was so rapid. The central question of this paper is why the radical right in the four countries under investigation have experienced such a substantial decline in voter share between elections, rather than a minimal drop or continuing to grow as has been the case with the radical right in other West European countries. A hypothesis based on external factors (party system and competition, media strategy, electoral system, voter issues, etc.) affecting the party is unlikely to be sufficient, as the variation in circumstances for the four parties under consideration means it would be difficult to derive a general cause for electoral demise, particularly given the highly unorthodox nature of the parties decline in comparison to the overall story of radical right success across Europe in the same period. A hypothesis based on internal factors (leadership, party strategy, etc.) alone is also insufficient, as it is difficult to envisage how the decline in votes scored on such a large scale can be the res ult of internal structural issues without a significant alteration in the external factors precipitating a decline. Comparing these cases to other Western European radical right parties which have not suffered a significant or permanent collapse in support, it is suggested that the successful parties have better managed a transition which allows them to present themselves as reliable governing parties which can (sustainably) fulfil the demands of voters in parliament or government, rather than just reliable vote-winning ­ parties which can win representation on limited issues at individual elections. The former is shown to be present in the case of parties such as Italys MSI/AN and Lega Nord, Switzerlands SVP, Norways Fremskrittspartiet, etc, all of which have avoided significant declines in vote-share despite changing conditions in the party system or electoral system. It is therefore expected that in the four cases under investigation the three most significant factors conducive to the plunge in electoral results are:- 1.) Leadership style. As mentioned, radical right parties tend to, without the ‘taming effect of coalition partners, be characterised by a populist style of campaigning, often focusing on specific political issues to fan voter sentiments and gain cross-cleavage support from the electorate. This often includes leaders who embody a highly pragmatic and charismatic leadership style. It is hypothesised that in our four cases this style of leadership makes it difficult for the party to the demands of government or maintain a stable coalition of support. 2.) Mainstream party responses to the radical right. Since the emergence of the ‘new radical right party family there has been a general move by radical right leaders towards legitimising their parties within political systems, and it is not controversial to suggest that this is a necessity for them to be perceived as legitimate by an electorate in order to break into a national legislature or into government, or by the parties they have to negotiate with in parliaments (for the passage of bills, formation of coalitions, etc.) in order to effectively influence policy. It is postulated that the reaction of mainstream parties to a breakthrough by the four parties under consideration inhibits the respective radical right partys ability to operate as a governing/policy influencing party, as well as inhibiting the ability of the initially large electoral coalition which gave them representation to support them in a consequent election. 3.) The social bases of electoral support. Given the heterogeneous nature of support for radical right parties at the polls, it is suggested that a significant portion of the vote for the parties under consideration at ‘breakthrough elections is mobilised on a temporary, rather than a permanent, basis. This could be for a variety of reasons issue salience, identification as a ‘radical right voter, legitimacy of the party. It is suggested, therefore, that the four parties under investigation have been unable to establish a stable and reliable basis of electoral support between parliaments, such that when factors (1) and or (2) come into play the party suffers from the departure of one or more groups of voters that are attracted to the party by temporary issues. Consequently the steep decline in vote share is a result of the inability of the party to consolidate their appeal to a broad enough group of voters to maintain their electoral momentum, resulting in only a small g roup of faithful voters turning out to prop up their poll numbers. Methods and Focus This paper will focus on the developments of four parties in the electoral periods relevant to the subject of enquiry. These are: the French Front National between the 2002 and 2007 presidential elections, and the 1997, 2002 and 2007 National Assembly elections; Austrias Freiheitliche Partei Osterreichs (FPO) between the 1999 and 2002 Parlament elections; Germanys Die Republikaner between the 1998 and 2002 Bundestag elections; and the cases of the Dutch radical right parties, concentrating on the electoral fortunes of the Lijst Pim Fortuyn between the 2002 and 2003 elections to the House of Representatives. In each of these cases the parties in question have gone from positions of relative strength to haemorrhaging votes, results which stand in contrast to results for radical right parties elsewhere across Western Europe. This paper will then focus on analysing whether the hypotheses listed above are true. This has been done by assessing academic papers which have analysed the conditions of the relevant parties in order to determine what, if any, consensus there is on the reasons behind these parties collapse in vote share, backing this up with media evidence where it is relevant. Additional to this, general research into the systematic effects determining what might cause a drop in votes for the radical right has been called upon in order to confirm the hypotheses, as well as potentially extrapolate the hypothesised causes for vote decline from external factors (such as changes in the party or electoral system, the strategies of rival parties, changes in issue salience, etc) in order to see if it can be confirmed. Throughout the investigation special attention will be given to several key themes which contribute the events surrounding the electoral defeats of the parties in question. These will include:- Party leadership All four parties under investigation have been generally considered by observers as exhibiting a populist style of political strategy. Three factors are worth considering here. First, how far this is important in allowing the party to generate votes at general elections; second, to what extent the party uses populist campaigning to gain influence on policy; and thirdly, how this affects the partys ability to respond to demands of government/the electorate (where relevant). Legitimacy of the party This does not concern whether or not the party is viewed as a legitimate, i.e.: not anti-system, party; rather, it concerns whether or not the party has a reputation for delivering on its promises, or can present candidates who are genuine and reliable enough for an electorate to support them. This is important in the sense that the partys chances of maintaining electoral momentum may be hampered by poor performance in government or in the legislative process in parliament. Competition in the party system How other (relevant) parties in the countrys party system respond to the challenges posed by the party of the radical right. Obviously there is a difficulty in assessing which responses by what parties actually have an affect on the performance of the radical right party. Consequently we will be looking for cases collaboration, cohabitation, or ostracisation by mainstream parties which have an observable effect on either the radical right partys electoral fortunes, or their ability to operate as a policy-influencing party (be it by governing or as a force in the legislature). Salient policy issues at elections Parties of the radical right have been noted to campaign on a breadth of issues, albeit often engaging more vocally with a specific issue in order to generate support, in contrast to mainstream parties (particularly those with ambitions of government) which are forced to campaign on a wide variety of issues affecting all voters. Consequently, it is of interest to observe whether the specific campaign and policy stances of the radical right parties at elections in any way effected (or possibly even mitigated) the decline in vote share. The social bases of support Radical right parties do not fit easily into a cleavage-based model of the party system, as they tend to draw their support from a wide variety of social backgrounds for numerous different reasons. It is of interest, therefore, from what groups did the party under investigation originally garner support in the election preceding the regression, and whether there was any observable change in the type or confidence of the groups who voted for the party by the time of their decline in the following election. Cases Studies Austria the Freiheitliche Partei Osterreichs (FPO) The FPO is possibly the most significant party to begin this investigation with, due to the fact that it is not only one of the longest established radical right parties, but also because it occupied government for far longer than any other under investigation here. Since Jà ¶rg Haider was elected leader of the party in 1986 it had experienced a remarkably sustainable rise in results, culminating in the earthquake success at the 1999 election where it became the second largest party with 26.9% of the vote. It is of note that the FPOs success has roughly correlated to the declining fortunes of the ‘Grand Coalition of SPO and OVP. Popular disenchantment with the Proporz system which had characterized Austrias two-party system came to a head in the 1999 elections when both parties opinion poll ratings slumped immediately prior to the election. The SPO/OVP coalition had not, by most standards, been particularly unsuccessful or hit by scandal, even benefitting from increasing opinion poll numbers thanks to Austrias presidency of the EU in the second half of 1998. Whilst the Social Democrats poll numbers remained remarkably stable (with only a minimal drop in 1999 compared to the OVP), the OVP had a much harder time, being unable to mitigate a general trend of decline that had continued since the 1991-95 Parlament. In particular, Mà ¼ller notes that the party had difficulty in producing a coordinated and effective campaign on election issues, compared to the aggressive campaigning of the SPO and FPO, the latter of whom was particularly successful at enlivening their campaign by recruiting celebrities such as Patrick Ortlieb and Theresia Kirler. The constitution of the vote for the FPO in the 1999 election is also interesting with regard to how it broke the OVP/SPO duopoly. The FPO had been remarkably successful at increasing turnout from voters of every background, suggesting the FPO was poaching voters from both the SPO and OVP. This is partly due to voter dissatisfaction with the continuation of the Grand Coalition still too tainted by Proporz, as well as the FPOs ability to play off Haiders recent election to the Governorship of Carinthia a success which greatly enhanced the FPOs credentials as a party of government. However, the core vote for the FPO remained blue collar (predominantly male) workers, largely (and perhaps disproportionately) drawn from former SPO-leaning voters, despite the SPO being generally seen to have been more successful than the OVP at limiting the drop in votes experienced as the 1995-9 coalition came to its end. (Though it should be noted that the FPO increasingly attracted a significant number of voters from right-leaning farmers and middle-class professionals unhappy with the OVPs commitment to the EU and perceived lack of leadership.) The FPO had also more than any other party managed to increase membership of the party, particularly amongst professionals and those exhibiting no ideological affinity for the party. Luther points out that as beneficial as this may have been for maximising turnout, the membership drive was set against a push by Haider to fill organisation posts within the party with individuals likely to be loyal to the party leadership (i.e.: Haider), including key figures such as Susanne Riess-Passer and Karl-Heinz Grasser. T

The Effects of the Influenza Virus Essay example -- Biology Medical Fl

Influenza: The Virus and its Effects Abstract The flu, properly called influenza, is an amazingly widespread and widely known disease. There are many variations of the influenza virus, differing in severity, but not significantly different in function. The influenza virus infects epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, taking over the cell’s production mechanisms so more viruses are produced, eventually causing the host cells to burst. The body’s immune system tries to combat the infection from succeeding. This internal battle produces many outward symptoms including a fever and dry cough, among others. Influenza is not usually a fatal disease, but its high mutation rate insures its continuing import by allowing it to return in a different form every year. The flu. Everyone from the oldest grandparent to the youngest child has heard of it. But what is the flu actually? First of all, what is behind its name? â€Å"Flu† isn’t actually the disease’s correct name. It’s true name, Influenza, is Italian for â€Å"influence†. Flu is an abbreviation of this. People used to believe that influenza was caused by an unhealthy influence from the heavens, hence the name (WHO). The influenza virus is divided into three types, A, B and C. Influenza A is the most serious of the three. Influenza B is not as serious and less common, while influenza C is rarely noticed and only causes mild symptoms. Influenza A viruses are specified by their host of origin, geographic location of the first isolation, strain number and year of isolation. E.g. A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 (Wilschut 29). Influenza A viruses also have a classification determined by their type of Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Haemagglutinin is necessary for entrance int... ...v/gi/Archive/2005/Oct/24-394830.html>. WHO. â€Å"WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases, Chapter 7† World Health Organization. 2001. July 27 2007. WI Gov. â€Å"Influenza -- General Information† Wisconsin Government Department of Health & Family Services. January 31 2007. July 23 2007 Kilbourne, Edwin D. Influenza. New York: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1987. Stuart-Harris, Charles H., Schild, Geoffrey C., and Oxford, John S., Influenza The viruses and the disease. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, 1985. Wilschut, Jan C, PhD, Abraham M Palache, PhD, and Janet E McElhaney, MD, FRCPC, PACP, eds. Influenza. 2nd ed. Rapid Reference. Pennsylvania: Elsevier Ltd., 2006.

Erins Causal Argument :: Essays Papers

Erin's Causal Argument "Nothing meant more to people who went West in the 1840's and 1850's than mail from home." - National Park Service Pony Express Historic Trail Brochure People moved West for many reasons: the prospect of a new beginning, free land, even Gold! Leaving family behind was a hardship that many settlers dealt with. And at this time, the only way to communicate with those left behind was to write letters. Moving was, and still is, a very traumatic process. Picking up and moving everything you own and leaving behind everything familiar – it was a very trying experience. Letters from home brought back a little bit of familiarity†¦a little bit of family†¦a little bit of security. While the Pony Express wasn't the quickest mode of transporting mail to be developed, it was the first of any speed. In an attempt to create a quick and efficient mode for transporting mail, the U.S government spent more than $30,000 researching and purchasing camels. However, the use of camels did not prove practical because, while camels move quickly on flat dessert ground, the camels were not able to climb and maneuver the rocky terrain of the mountains with any great speed (National Park Service). At this time, the only way to send a letter was by stagecoach, a method which could take up to 4 weeks. Mail was too slow to be of any use to families and friends. In the case of a death, letters would reach their destination more than a month after the fact. If help was needed in certain situations, up to two months could pass before any correspondence would be returned. The fact was short and simple – sending letters simply took too long. Although not always practical, it was much quicker to go deliver the message in person. The Pony Express was not the first of this type of mail transportation. Actually, the idea of a sort of "mailbag relay race" originated in China. During Gengis Khan's rule in the 13th century, mail was transported across much of Russia and China by riders on horses (Moody 181). The Pony Express was developed by William Russell, Alexander Majors, and William Waddell of the Russell, Majors, and Waddell freighting company. The Pony Express trail ran from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. Along this 1,6000 mile route were 190 relay stations, where riders would stay to rest and wait for their next delivery home.

The Manipulation of Perception in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Manipulation of Perception in Othello This paper contains 237 words of teacher’s comments. What one perceives is influenced by one’s environment. The setting and commentary surrounding events changes our perception of them. Any innocent gesture can be perceived in the wrong way with enough persuading from someone else. Even if someone has total faith in another person's innocence, they can be persuaded to doubt them through the twisting of events. Once just a small amount of doubt has been planted, it influences the way everything else is seen. This occurs throughout the play, Othello. In this play, Iago influences Othello's perception of events through speeches and lies, making him doubt Desdemona's fidelity. Iago uses his talent of manipulating events to exact his revenge on Othello. Iago's twisting of events in Othello's mind leads to the downfall of Othello as planned, but because he fails to twist Emilia's perception as well, he facilitates his own eventual downfall. When Iago first sets out to deceive Othello, he tells him, "look at your wife; observe her well with Cassio" (3.3.196). He knows that if he can plant enough doubt and jealousy in Othello's mind, Othello only needs to look at Desdemona being friendly with Cassio to suspect infidelity. After this, when Desdemona asks for Cassio's reinstatement, it looks as though she is trying to get something better for her lover, as opposed to just helping a friend. Iago talks about jealousy and deception in this same scene, but never gives any proof or direct descriptions of Desdemona's betrayal. Yet we know that Othello's perception has been sufficiently influenced to make him angry and sick by the end of this conversation. He tells Desdemona he has a headache, but he refuses any help from her. When she puts her handkerchief to his head, he pushes it away saying, "your napkin is too little" (3.3.285). This takes on more significance later on in the play when we find out that this handkerchief is the first token of love Othello ever gave to Desdemona. Also in this scene, we see how much Othello had trusted, loved, and believed in Desdemona. He says, "I do not think but Desdemona's honest" and "If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself! I'll not believe't"(3.3.223, 275-6). But he does suspect her, and it seems these statements are only there to convince himself that she really is true. The Manipulation of Perception in Shakespeare's Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework The Manipulation of Perception in Othello This paper contains 237 words of teacher’s comments. What one perceives is influenced by one’s environment. The setting and commentary surrounding events changes our perception of them. Any innocent gesture can be perceived in the wrong way with enough persuading from someone else. Even if someone has total faith in another person's innocence, they can be persuaded to doubt them through the twisting of events. Once just a small amount of doubt has been planted, it influences the way everything else is seen. This occurs throughout the play, Othello. In this play, Iago influences Othello's perception of events through speeches and lies, making him doubt Desdemona's fidelity. Iago uses his talent of manipulating events to exact his revenge on Othello. Iago's twisting of events in Othello's mind leads to the downfall of Othello as planned, but because he fails to twist Emilia's perception as well, he facilitates his own eventual downfall. When Iago first sets out to deceive Othello, he tells him, "look at your wife; observe her well with Cassio" (3.3.196). He knows that if he can plant enough doubt and jealousy in Othello's mind, Othello only needs to look at Desdemona being friendly with Cassio to suspect infidelity. After this, when Desdemona asks for Cassio's reinstatement, it looks as though she is trying to get something better for her lover, as opposed to just helping a friend. Iago talks about jealousy and deception in this same scene, but never gives any proof or direct descriptions of Desdemona's betrayal. Yet we know that Othello's perception has been sufficiently influenced to make him angry and sick by the end of this conversation. He tells Desdemona he has a headache, but he refuses any help from her. When she puts her handkerchief to his head, he pushes it away saying, "your napkin is too little" (3.3.285). This takes on more significance later on in the play when we find out that this handkerchief is the first token of love Othello ever gave to Desdemona. Also in this scene, we see how much Othello had trusted, loved, and believed in Desdemona. He says, "I do not think but Desdemona's honest" and "If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself! I'll not believe't"(3.3.223, 275-6). But he does suspect her, and it seems these statements are only there to convince himself that she really is true.

Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case Essay

‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ was written in 1886 by Robert Louis Stevenson. The story derived from one of Stevenson’s many adult nightmares and raised questions about Society and Religion that was debated by many people. The story was about the duality of man and how Dr. Jekyll tried splitting the good and evil. A result of this was Mr. Hyde and his pure evil personality. In the novel, the last chapter ‘Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case’ answered many questions brought up earlier in the story. Dr. Jekyll is portrayed as a respected and distinguished, well brought up man at the beginning of chapter 10. This is clear in the words, ‘[he was] fond of the respect of the wise and good among my fellow-men’, and ‘with every guarantee of an honourable and distinguished future’. These statements show us he has all the traits of a gentleman because it says ‘good among my fellow men’ and fond of the respect of the wise’ which meant he liked other high honourable men respecting him; however he feels as though he already leads a double life. We see this in the words, ‘I concealed my pleasures’ and ‘I stood already committed to a found duplicity of life.’ This tells us that although he likes having he privileges of a gentleman he also enjoys doing something he can’t, which would tarnish his reputation. Before he started the experiment Jekyll lead a respected and high life style of being respected by others and being well off and had a theory on good and evil. Jekyll believed that man was made up of 2 personalities, one good and evil. This is clear in the text when Jekyll explains, ‘That man is not truly one, but truly two’. He had a large interest in the duality of nature. He believed he could split everyone’s two personalities into two different people. Jekyll was excited by the idea of separating the two identities. This is apparent when he says ‘ I had learned to dwell with the pleasure, as a beloved daydream, on the thought of the separation of these elements’ he thought that by separating the two identities they would stop irritating each other and he was excited by separating the two personalities because he says he’d ‘learned to dwell with the pleasure†¦of the separation of these two elements.’ Therefore, this was Jek yll’s ultimate desire and he worked towards this ground-breaking experiment. Jekyll undertook the experiment to try and split his two personalities and to prove that it was possible. He believed he could brew a potion that would make his good and evil side split into two. It is clear because Jekyll explains that he ‘managed to compound a drug by which these powers should be dethroned from their supremacy’. He tells us that mixing the elements would combine their power and he thinks this will split his two personalities into two different people. After he compounded the drug Jekyll hesitated to take it because he knew it was a powerful drug and he risked death. This is proven in the statement ‘I hesitated long before I put this theory to the test of practice. I knew well that I risked death’ Jekyll knew that he risked his life but was sure that he could do it and had faith in his theory of the dual personalities and duality of man. Once Jekyll finally takes the drug he describes the transformation as ‘the most racking pangs succeeded: a grinding in the bones, deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth or death’. The way he described the feelings was excruciating pain and that he imagined that you could only feel such pain at the hour of birth or death. This would of made the reader feel repel the reader but also excite them because they would want to know what happens. A Victorian reader probably would find this very controversial and might be slightly offended by the words that are used. When Jekyll first became Hyde he knew from the moment he changed that he was more evil already, this is obvious in the words ‘I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked’. Although Jekyll knew that he was even more wicked as Hyde he seemed to have positive feelings towards him. He felt as though when he was Hyde he was free and had no cares in the world. This is reflected in the words ‘I looked upon that ugly idol in the glass, I was conscious of no repugnance, rather of a leap of welcome’. Before the experiment Jekyll felt as though he already lead a double life and had to ‘conceal his pleasures’, but as Hyde he had someone in which he could unleash all his forbidden cravings and not have a conscience after doing so. He’d found a ‘perfect’ solution. Jekyll could become Hyde by taking a potion and Hyde could become Jekyll by reversing the potion. Jekyll believed that his experiment was all under control. However, as Hyde grew stronger it was proven that he learned to control Jekyll. This is shown in the quote ‘Yes, I had gone to bed Henry Jekyll, I had awakened Edward Hyde. How was this to be explained? I asked myself; and then, with another bound of terror – how was it to be remedied?’ Hyde was becoming stronger then Jekyll and was beginning to control him, Hyde could pick and choose when he wanted to come out, and Jekyll had no control now. This also showed Jekyll’s panic and increasing lack of control because he’d began to ask himself how he could keep control of Hyde. Due to Hyde’s strength becoming more powerful Jekyll decided to stop taking the potion hoping that it would stop Hyde forever. Jekyll was scared that Hyde would take over forever. This is shown in the words ‘the balance of my nature might be permanently overthrown, the power of voluntary change be forfeited, and the character of Edward Hyde become irrevocably mine’ and he had a difficult decision as he states ‘To cast it in with Hyde was to die a thousand interests and aspirations, and to become, at a blow forever, despised and friendless.’ In these words it tells us if he was to stay as Hyde he would be giving up thousands of his dreams and goals in live and become friendless because no one liked Hyde. Due to the fact Jekyll was scared that Hyde would take over he had to make a decision whether he would stay as Jekyll or Hyde. His decision was thwarted by Hyde but his resolution to be rid of Hyde helps the reader empathise with Jekyll. Jekyll stopped taking the drug hoping he would stay as Jekyll forever, however because Jekyll was taking the drug for so long he had become an addict and felt as though he could feel Hyde struggling for freedom and he took the drug once again after 3 months. This is clear in the words ‘I began to be tortured with throes and longings, as of Hyde struggling after freedom; and at last, in an hour of moral weakness, I once again compounded and swallowed the transforming draught’. These words prove that Hyde was struggling to break free from Jekyll when Jekyll had stopped taking the potion and Jekyll was finding it hard to not take the drug, I know this because it says ‘ I began to be tortured.’ The words struggle, tortured and longings all suggest conflict between the two identities. By the end of the novel Jekyll’s feelings towards Hyde had turned completely opposite from what they were at the beginning. Hyde and Jekyll had a pure hatred for each other and it was as if they were both trying to make each other’s lives worse. This is clear from the words ‘The powers of Hyde seemed to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll. And certainly the hate that now divided them was equal on each side.’ This statement shows us how strong the hatred between both sides but also the power struggle because Hyde was becoming stronger the more he hated Jekyll. Again, it is shown in the words, ‘The powers of Hyde seemed to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll.’ Thus representing the imbalance of power between the two. Although Jekyll’s hatred for Hyde was strong he carried on taking it because he felt like he was addicted to it. At one point in the novel it describes Jekyll taking the drug to someone with an addiction like to alcohol. He says, ‘I do not suppose that when a drunkard reasons with himself upon his vice, he is once out of five hundred times affected by the dangers that he runs through his brutish physical insensibility.’ Here Jekyll refers to himself as a drunk and says he cannot reason with himself because he feels as though the drug has already affected him. Therefore, because Jekyll is addicted to the drug, this is why he carries on taking it and he has no power or self respect anymore. When Jekyll says ‘I fell into slavery’ he means that Hyde has become stronger than him and has began to control him, making him take the drug and become Hyde more then he actually wants. Also at other times the drug has begun to control him because he is like an addict he has the feeling to want to take the drug all the time like and alcoholic would want to drink alcohol. In a way we begin to feel sorry for him here but however, we know it is his fault for carrying on taking the potions just because he enjoys not having any cares and getting away with things. In the novel Hyde is a very powerful and dominant character. He has multiple characteristics throughout the story. He is described as ‘so much smaller, slighter, and younger then Henry Jekyll.’ The physical description of him is very different from Henry Jekyll’s. However it also says that ‘evil was written broadly and plainly on the face of the other.’ This tell us that Hyde may have been smaller and younger the Jekyll however he is much more evil. Hyde’s character is the complete opposite of Jekyll’s and is described as ‘more wicked, a tenfold more wicked.’ This tells us that Hyde is ten times more wicked than Jekyll by using the word ‘tenfold’. This makes the reader concerned for what Hyde might do to Jekyll. As well Hyde is described as a ‘man of stone’ this simile tells us that he has no emotions or feelings for others. In parts of the final chapter Hyde is referred to as unnatural. This is shown in the phrase ‘something not only hellish but inorganic.’ Jekyll believes that is something that is not real, which is true because he is not a real person, just something created from a potion. As well as being described as unnatural during the final chapter he is also referred to as an animal. This is proven in the statement ‘a creature eaten up and emptied by fever.’ This phrase tells us that Hyde has traits of and animal by the way he acts and what he does, he acts as a savage animal in the wild when he kills innocent people. Hyde’s actions are disgraceful and evil throughout the novel. Some of these actions are when he trampled a little girl in the street. Jekyll reflects by saying, ‘An act of cruelty to a child aroused against me the anger of a passer-by.’ This act makes Jekyll angry at Hyde for being cruel to a child and this is clear because he describes it as an act of cruelty and he is also angry because he makes a passer by angry and it could tarnish Jekyll’s reputation if people found out they were connected in a way. Another one of Hyde’s actions was the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. This criminal act is proven in the statement ‘Some two months before the murder of Sir Danvers.’ These actions show that Hyde is pure evil and has no emotion and will do anything. His actions result in him having to go into hiding because people know that he killed Sir Danvers. The way he killed Sir Danvers Carew was described as, ‘mauling the unresisting body’ this would of shocked and scared the reader because it would of created a disturbing imagery. Jekyll’s character is different from Hyde. Firstly, Jekyll is old and elderly; this is proven when he describes himself as ‘elderly’ in the novel. However, Hyde is the opposite and is young and carefree. I know this because it says ‘younger, lighter, happier.’ This shows that they are both opposites and this is what is meant when the author describes them as ‘polar twins’. Another way Jekyll is different from Hyde is that Jekyll has a conscience whereas Hyde doesn’t. This is clear when Jekyll says, ‘I was conscious even when I took the draught’ and in comparison Hyde says â€Å"gloating on my crime.† These statements prove that even though Hyde has done worse things than Jekyll, Jekyll seems to have more of a conscience. Although as well as having his own conscience, Jekyll seems to feel guilty for what he does when he is Hyde too. But, Hyde ‘gloats’ at his crimes, therefore proving that he is immoral and not sorry for what he’s done, this would of shocked and scared the Victorian reader. Also another difference between Jekyll and Hyde is that Jekyll becomes as Hyde becomes strong. I know this because of the statements â€Å"sickliness in Jekyll’ and ‘the powers of Hyde seemed to have grown.’ This proves that as Jekyll continued to take the drug he made Hyde stronger and it began to be a struggle between them both. Jekyll controlled the growth in Hyde because he carried on taking the potion because he had become an addict; he carried on taking the drug which began to make Hyde come out more often, making him a lot stronger. I know that Jekyll became an addict to the drug because it says ‘I fell into slavery’ by using the word slavery it tells us that Hyde was beginning to control Jekyll because the more he took the transforming draught the more he became a slave to Hyde. The result of not controlling the growth of Hyde was Hyde getting stronger and stronger and eventually Hyde begins to control Jekyll because he could come out whenever he wanted and this shows how Hyde gains power over Jekyll and through the novel it shows the constant power struggle. At the end of the novel Jekyll knows that his experiments have failed and has to face the consequences. I believe that Jekyll made sure he died by his choice before letting Hyde take over for good. By killing himself Jekyll made sure that he was technically killing Hyde and that he wasn’t left free to do evil things once he finally took over Jekyll’s body and it was a matter of pride and doing what was right for others. Jekyll was very wise to do such a thing for others and at the end of the novel I believe that Jekyll didn’t regret his experiments at all. Jekyll was foolish to meddle with the darker side of science and philosophy. However, he didn’t deserve to die because he only wanted to try something new and succeed. If Jekyll hadn’t done this experiment then some one else would have. After reading the whole novel, I believe that the final chapter is very important to the story. It answers to most questions that are raised earlier in the topic. For example, when Utterson saw Jekyll at the window and Jekyll ignored him we now know that he ignored him and went away because he must have been changing into Hyde. Another example of a question being answered was why Lanyon was so shocked when he say Jekyll and never wanted to see him again, and this was due to him changing into Hyde in front of him. By seeing things from Jekyll’s perspective it gives us a clearer understanding of the power struggle between Hyde and himself and how Hyde eventually takes over. I would have liked to have seen at one point in the novel or final chapter some of Hyde’s viewpoint, but there wasn’t and perhaps Victorian readers would of liked this too because then maybe it would of given explanations for why Hyde did some of the things he did. Hyde is seen from other people’s perspectives all the time and maybe if we were to have read something from his perspective, we might have seen reasons why he did some of the things he did. However I do believe that the final chapter was key to the novel and made everything much clearer to the reader.

Police Brutality: Raw Unfinished

Police Brutality, is not only an American issue, it is a world-wide problem. Police brutality has been going on since the late 1800's and is getting worse every year. Police brutality is caused by so many things, race, boredom, power insecurity, life problems. The same reasons we get angry in life, but they chose to abuse people because they are the only gang who can get away with it. Police is the largest gang of all, most organized, and the most manipulative. In Reynoldsburg, Ohio, A group of police buddies formed their own mirror squad which was named â€Å"S.N.A.T. Squad† This stood for â€Å"Special Nigger Arrest Team† believe it or not it was kept for years. Here is a timeline of important milestones of civil rights be disregarded in the United States. In 1886, Haymarket Square Riot. About 1,300-1,400 people gather in Chicagoà ­s Haymarket Square to protest police brutality against striking workers that had been exercised the day before. 180 police arrive to disperse the throng. From somewhere a bomb is thrown into the midst of the police. In 1991, when Rodney King was brutalized, for one reason only, the color of his skin. Civilians in the neighborhood caught the whole thing on tape. Brought to court for evidence was the video, and witnesses. With the 99% white jury, it made no differance. The police officer who lead the attack was found not guilty. In 1995, Anibal Carasquillo was shot in the back by police officers in January 1995. His mother, who attended Amnesty's press conference, said, †this kind of killing is happening every month and they' re getting away with it†. In 1998, Six policemen from the North East Rand Dog Unit set their dogs on three suspected illegal immigrants, allowing the animals to attack the three men as the officers shouted racial insults. The incident was caught on video and televised nationally by the South African Broadcasting Corporation on Nov. 7, 2000, causing widespread outrage. All six policemen were ultimately sentenced to jail terms of between four and five years each. In 2008, 15-year-old Alexandros Grigoropoulos was shot dead by police officer Epaminondas Korkoneas shortly after 9 p.m. in the Exarcheia district of Athens, Greece for being suspected of resisting arrest. Demonstrations and riots erupted throughout Athens almost immediately after the shooting, sparking weeks of civil unrest and workplace and university occupations throughout Greece and beyond. In 2010, Yao Wei Wu was beaten by officers from Vancouver Police Department who knocked on the wrong door while investigating a report of a violent domestic dispute. After Yao Wei Wu opened the door officers grabbed Yao and drug him down the stairs while beating him untill they reached the car, then afterwards they asked him his name, then realizing they had the wrong person. Speaking through a translator, Yao Wei Wu told CBC News that as soon as he opened the door the officers pulled him out of the house and beat him. In 2011, A pedofile bust included police officers, teachers, club scout leaders. The ring included 30 countrys, and had over 70 thousand members around the globe.

Are Turkish Dramas Evading Our Culture Essay

The foreign dramas are attacking our culture and these are not according to our culture After a contentious time of the Indian dramas, now numerous Turkish plays are giving rise to curious hype not only in our television drama industry but also in the minds of the general public. As a matter of fact, it is true that our local drama production is invoking the interests of thousands and millions of viewers and most of these spectators are finding these plays appealing enough to follow. However, in recent times it has been noticed that some foreign television content is trying to induce a substantial place in our country. Unfortunately, somehow a Turkish serial â€Å"ISHQ-E-Mamnoon† was aired out and after a few weeks it ended up by getting exultant high ratings. After the broadcast of this particular play, a slipstream is started among the different TV channels to get foreign content and present to the public, in order to gain high ratings. When broadcasters and people are basking this dubbed â€Å"so called† change, they forgot to think all this activity is turning out to be a veridical threat to the local industry as well as the integrity and culture of our nation. There is also a small group of people who is trying to back up these serials, but I think these people might disremember what Indian dramas have done with our acculturation in the recent past. Because of these plays, our adolescents (especially girls) have started out to follow their language. In fact, several words were became the part of their vocabulary and they used these words into their normal discussions. After ascertaining the severity of this issue our civil society and television industry have taken some measures and banned all the Indian channels. But now we have to cope with another scourge which is a lot more dangerous than the previous one. We need to observe what sort of message these Turkish dramas are trying to convey? Are the stories of these plays fair enough to watch with our parents, brothers and sisters? Of course not and that is the main reason why it is considered as infectious to our culture and nation by our producers, writers, actors, directors and now public as well. These Turkish serials are full of bold scenes, which is totally against our moral values and they are just becoming the cause of raising the level of grossness and vulgarity. All in all, our music and film industry is neither cohesive nor strong. This is only the television industry that is producing high caliber dramas and bringing out the talent nd acting of impeccable quality and it should not have to endure the same issues as our film and music industry are confronting. Apart from our cultural and moral values, these Turkish serials are also threatening the future of thousands of actors, directors, cameramen, writers, producers, spot boys and other individuals who are directly or indirectly associated with our local drama industry. Although, a good and positive aspect is that our actors are united and they are unitedly saying the Turkish or any other foreign content should not hijack the viewership of our local dramas. If we take a close look at the history of subcontinent then it is not very hard to find the same interference of the popular East India Company that eventually became the main reason of Subcontinent’s separation. However, right now things are quite under control and still it is too long to anticipate any resemblance with this specific issue. Although our government must have to take impertinent and smart actions in order to avoid the drastic effects on our culture as well as on economy which is depending on our drama and entertainment industry.