The history of alphabet in Israel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The history of alphabet in Israel - Essay Example A limestone boulder was found in Jerusalem, some letters written in Hebrew were found on it, the same led to more research in the same and produced results. "Archaeologists digging in July at the site, Tel Zayit, found the inscribed stone in the wall of an ancient building. After an analysis of the layers of ruins, the discoverers concluded that this was the earliest known specimen of the Hebrew alphabet and an important benchmark in the history of writing, they said this week." (A is for Ancient, 23 September 2008). The results produced in this research has been supported by many a scholar, they believe that the stones found hold the most oldest and at the same time reliable data written in Hebrew language. It was also found that when the research was made, the Hebrew letters were still in transition from its roots. The stone was discovered by American Researchers and it is believed that the stone is 3000 years old. The stone is supposed to have the oldest form of Hebrew written on it. The weight of the stone is 38 pounds and the alphabets found on it were in proper order, if the scholars are t be believed. "The stone was discovered July 15 in an excavation at TelZayit, Israel, about 35 miles southwest of Jerusalem on the outskirtsof ancient Judah, by a team led by archeologist Ron E. Tappy ofthe Pittsburgh TheologicalSeminary." (Team Digs, 23 September 2008). The whole research by archeologists is regarded as a very big very big breakthrough, scholars highly value the stone found by the archeologists. It is also believed that Tel Zayit is quite close to another city by the name Timnah, the biblical strong man Samson married a woman who was philistine by origin. Scholars suggest that the stone found would have been used to train scribes but there is no concrete proof to support this statement. "The Israelites adopted a variation of the Canaanite alphabet and began writing down their historical myths. By around 700 BC, innovative priests had collected the best of these myths and woven them together to form a detailed history of the nation of Israel, intended to convince the Israelites that they were God's chosen people. (The history of ancient Israel, 23 September 2008). The myths which they came up with were followed by the people and they firmly believed in the myths. Earlier in Israel each word or phrase was very beautifully projected as pictures. This also created a problem because the expressions were many and the pictures were less, so people had to come up with new pictures day and day out in order to meet the requirement of the expressions. Around 3000 BC, a group of people by the name of Phoenicians came up, these people did a lot of work in the development of Israel even at that time when there were very less resources known to man. They were highly skilled people and knew works like construction of boats, building of ports along the coasts etc. These people gradually had inherited writing from the Sumerians and all this was around 1200 BC. They brought in tremendous changes for better by decreasing the number of symbols in the language, the reduced number was 30 of many symbols. Each symbol carries a meaning and represented a different sound. They believed that putting the symbols into sound conveyed their message better. "The invention o f the Phoenician alphabet allowed written words to better

Ethics in Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Christianity - Essay Example The Ten Commandments cover ten of the most major ethical points in the Christian religion. These ten ethical concepts range from treating family members and elders with respect, to not committing murder, stealing, or being adulterous. There are also commandments that focus on the the role of God and the purpose of God in the lives of others, making it clear that Christians are not allowed to look to any other god or idol as the one true God. While this may not immediately seem to have anything to do with ethics, as aforementioned God and Jesus play big roles in the ethics that people accept and implement into everyday life. Other idols might not preach the same concepts of ethics, so it becomes vital for Christians to keep their eyes only on God and Jesus to help lead them to the right response.The Bible itself can be viewed as a guideline for Christian ethics. Especially in the New Testament there are stories upon stories about how Jesus treats others, emphasizing on the importance of treating others the way that you would want to be treated. This is yet another method to decide what is considered ethical or unethical in the Christian faith. The Bible is full of these lessons laid down by Jesus and his followers. Absolute truth is when something is true in all times and places, while relative truth is only true at one time and in one place. The only aspect of these ethic principles that are not absolute are the ones in regard to the role of God in the lives of people.

Distinguishing personnel management and human resource management

Distinguishing personnel management and human resource management P1: Distinguish between personnel management and human resource management and discuss the historical development and changing context in which they operate?   Personnel Management:      PM is basically an administrative record functioning at operational level. PM attempts to maintain fair terms and conditions of employment while at the same time efficiently managing personnel activities for individual departments and the activities which result ultimately in achieving organizational success. Human Resource Management:- HRM is concerned with carrying out the same functional activities conventionally performed by the personnel function such as HR Planning, Job analysis, recruitment and selection, employee relations, performance management, employee appraisals, compensation management, training and development but it performs these functions in a qualitatively distinct way as compared with personnel management. History of Human Resource Management:-   The concept and name of human resource management has been changed many times throughout the history. The changes were mostly because to the change in social and economic activities throughout the history. Human resource management came to birth when industrial revolution took place in the year 1833 then the industrialist incepted to increase their production and they raised the burden of work on the employees by having 60 hours a week. The workers became fed up of this circumstance and they took decision among themselves to find out the solution for this problem. After this workers were losing interest in their work and they divided in different groups and all this caused less production. The industrialists came to know this, they straggle to satisfy the workers but however the workers were not happy with that and formed their Trade Union. Now the industrialists gave full authority to one manager. In spite of this the problems remained constant because the manager was not able to ha ndle their problems then the workers went to strike for their rights.  Ã‚  This led to the formation of personnel management. Personal management was working only when clashes arise. PM was dealing on bargaining, so this system also failed to motivate the employees, in addition PM was not able to take full control of it. The combination of wartime production demands, government wage price controls and the need to negotiate cooperative agreements forced many companies to expand their personnel staffs and control their HR practices. Such basic HR practices as job classification systems, hiring standards, uniform pay grades and written disciplinary procedures were developed for the first time by many companies.    Another early donor to HRM was called the human relations movement. Two researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger included human factors into work. This movement began as a result of a chain of studies conducted at the Hawthorne facility of Western Electric in Chicago between 1924 and 1933. The purpose of the study was to conclude the effects of illumination on workers and their output. The studies pointed out the significance of the social interaction and work group on output and satisfaction. The human relations movement eventually around the mind 1960s became a branch and a contributor to the field of organizational behavior; because of this progress all the industrialists and peoples came to know that human beings are the most valuable assets of an organization.    Human Resource Management gets more into practice as people are acknowledging from HRD and HR practices and these departments are fulfilling all the requirements of the employees, are managing all human resource and are giving full rights to every one. Now in all successful organizations there are HRM departments Shifting from Personnel Management to HRM The significant role of HRM is reflected in the transformation of the personnel management purpose from one of concentrating on employee welfare to one of managing people in a way which matches organizational and individual goals and providing employees with intrinsic and extrinsic reward. Therefore today Human Resource Management is historically known as personal management which deals with official system for the management of the people within an organization. Different Stages of shifting from Personnel Management to HRM: First stage: HRM earlier react in an even way to problems as they arise. Effective HRM seeks to connection HRM issues to the largely strategy of the organization with the most effective HRM policies and practices included into such corporate policies and strategies to strengthen or transform an organizations culture. Integration is required in two senses (1) integrating HRM issues in an organizations strategic planning (2) securing the acceptance and addition of a HRM view in the decisions of line managers. The HRM policy in worth of the various functions for example training and recruitment etc should be internally reliable Second stage:-   structure powerful cultures is a way of promoting demanding organizational goals in that a strong culture is intended at uniting employees through a shared set of managerially authorized values such as excellence   service and innovation etc. However there can be anxious between a strong organizational culture and the need to change situations and to be elastic particularly in the highly competitive and fast changing environment in which employers have to work on daily basis. Speedy change demanded by the market is sometimes tough in an organization with a strong culture.   Third stage: The mind set that people are a changeable cost is in effectual HRM which is replaced by the view that people are a resource and that as community capital it can be developed and can add to competitive advantage. Mostly it is accepted that competitive advantage is gained through well educated and trained motivated and dedicated employees at all levels. This recognition is now almost considered worldwide and important of management training and growth are the middle pillars of HRM.    Fourth stage: The view that the interests of employees and management or shareholders are different and confliction though considerably true in the past as organization which practices effective human resource management seeks to classify and promote a commonality of interests. important examples are training which enhances employment security and high earning ability for employees while at the same time rising the employees value to the enterprise goals of healthier productivity and performance pay systems which increase earnings without important labor cost increases and which at the same time endorse higher performance levels goal setting through two way communication which establishes joined goals and objectives and which provides basic rewards to the employee through a participatory process.   Fifth stage: Top to down communication tied with restricted information flow to keep power within the control of management give a way for sharing of information and knowledge. This transform facilitates the creation of faith and commitment and makes knowledge more fruitful. Control from the top is in successful HRM being replaced by increasing employee contribution and policies the ways in which the larger Japanese enterprises have installed participatory schemes and introduced information distribution and two way communication systems are instructive in this view. In enterprises that tend to have company missions and where there are fundamental values that shape their corporate culture HRM becomes a part of the strategy to attain their objectives. In some types of enterprises such as one in which permanent technological change takes place the goal of successfully managing change at short intervals often requires employee collaboration through emphasis on communication and involveme nt. Shifting of personnel management to HRM took place in three stages:   1) Records and Administration 2) Accountability Regulations 3) Competitive Advantage 1) Records and Administration In first stage the main activities which were taken out by personnel department were plan Company picnics setting up vacations enroll workers for health are exposure planning retirement parties increase diverse workforce and contain health care cost. 2) Accountability Regulations During this phase most important framework of rules and regulations started rising in the company. In 1970 the duty of the HR manger was to keep their organizations out of court. In the 1980 HR mangers had to address staffing costs linked to mergers and acquisition and downsize.   The economic issues associated to an increasingly worldwide and completive workplace characterize the 1990. 3) Competitive Advantage The aim of this shift stage is from just securing fulfillment to the more determined one of winning promise. The employee resource therefore becomes worth investing in and training and development thus assume a top profile. These initiatives are linked with or even predicated upon a propensity to shift from a collective orientation to the management of the workforce to a distinctive one.    P 2: Assess the role, tasks and activities of the human resource practitioner Human resource management plays a vital role in the success of every organization. Human resource management is concerned with the development and implementation of human resource strategies which are integrated with corporate strategies to ensure that the culture values structure of the organization quality motivation and commitment of its members contribute fully for the achievement of organizational goals. In big organizations it plays a very important and positive role in its success however it is difficult to deal with all the activities. HRM makes the quality of work life desirable in the organization.   ROLES AND TASKS OF HR Manager HR manager plays an important role in developing and maintaining polices. HR manager should motivate employees to make them fruitful for the organization. HR manager should conduct recruitment process effectively and efficiently, so that the skillful people could hire for the organization. HR manger is responsible for increasing the skills of the employees to make their performance better. HR manager should make the standards of performance so that the employees performance can be judged. HR is responsible to make a good environment in which the employees can work effectively and efficiently. HR manager should keep aware the employees about new policies of the organization and guide them. HR manager should develop a leading edge for the effective management of the people to maintain competitive advantage. HR manager should recommend the strategic direction for employees and ensure its implementation. HR manager should co-ordinate the design, implementation and administration of human resource policies and activities to ensure the availability and effective utilization of human resources for meeting the companys objectives. An Ideal HR Manager HR managers are very important for any organization because they makes polices, develop strategies directing and coordinating human resource management. The most important responsibility of HR manager is interviewing and recruiting candidates. HR manager of MOBILINK should develop its people to work hard for higher standards. HR manager of MOBILINK have to make recruitments of best talent because humans are the basic tool for having competitive edge in the market for most of the organizations. They should analyze the performance level of the employees and if they find it below standards so they have to motivate them and give them training of developing their skills to be productive for the MOBILINK organization. HR manager have to make good relationship with different departments like marketing, operation and finance and make himself aware of new updates to to prevent miscommunication. P3:- Evaluate the role and responsibilities of line managers in human resource practices? The Different roles Responsibility of line manager Line manager plays an important role in the success of HR manager. Line manager should deliver the task and responsibilities on time to the senior management. Keep informing the management about the progress in the organization. Line manager should defend the company strategy or management strategy when talking to the work group. Clear appropriate picture to the work group to keep them informed of the rules and polices and have to look out the ways to become more efficient. Line manager should set tasks and standards for the employees. Line manager should also have to provide training and development to the employees when needed. Line manager should involve group people in decision making and to understand their needs and to motivate them. Should also provide reasons for decisions and represent the view and ideas of work force to higher authorities. Line manager should maintain the good environment. Line manager have to take the following points in mind in order to make their activit ies better.   Line manager should be a positive role model Line manager should be honest to others and help the employees and give guidance about their job. Line manager should have to speak against injustice. Line manager should be self confident. M1:- Discuss how the concepts of PM and HRM are practiced in an organization? We have selected MOBILINK as an organization. The HR mission statement of MOBILINK is given as To lead the organization in enhancing its human capital and creating a winning environment where everyone enjoys contributing to the best of ones ability. HR Practices and personnel management at Mobilink: These are few of the HR and personnel management practices Recruitment   Selection Training Development Compensation   Performance Appraisal System   Occupational Health and Safety measures   Career Planning and Development   Research and Development Reward Management Employee Relations Planning: Now after the emergence of new telecom companies in the market the market becomes more competitive and employees are less loyal to the company. Whenever they get any better opportunity than the existing one they go for that which is their right. Due to this fact MOBILINK do not have any formal strategy for succession planning. They do consider the people from inside but proper success plan is not practiced in MOBILINK these days. But now due to market trends they transformed new strategies according to the management that it is not useful to invest in the employee at a larger extent. They do develop their employees for their career planning but no formal success planning is practiced. Recruitment and Selection: In MOBILINK the requirement for the new job is communicated by the respective managers to the HR department. After that the HR department looks for the possibilities of internal and external recruitment. Internal Recruitment: In MOBILINK internal recruitment is done the higher grades like managers and directors. When there is a vacancy the HR department views the past performance of the employees working at lower levels and chooses the right one to promote him/her to that position. But if there is a vacancy for managerial position and none of the suitable employee is available with in the organization then external recruitment is carried out. EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT In external recruitment the duty of line manager is to prepare a form for the job about their need in the organization. Then the role profile of that job is dent to functional director by line manager after his approval it is forward to the HR department. HR manager confirms the availability of the budget required and the cost of the advertisement for that job. After than by forecasting budget along with job profile sent to HR director for his final approval. Line and HR manager again sit together for short listing the people and the following criteria is adopt by them. Quality of earlier schooling Extra curricular activities Marks obtained Overseas travel Age Relevant experience The HR department then issue letters to the short listed candidates along with blank application forms by time date and venue for the preliminary interview and candidates is asked to bring along completed application forms. A two-member panel of HR and line management carries out the interviews managerial functional and supervisory skills. After clearing the preliminary interviews, people apply for different jobs are tested in different ways by a panel of cross functional assessors in the case of management selection. Resource management Rational decision making Communication skills Creative thinking Business development Influencing The HR department is responsible for assessments training details o rumination packages and conditions of services. Prepare letter and finalize other documents. M2: Make an effective judgment about PM and line manager responsibilities in studied organization. HR helps LINE manager in offering them coaching creating managers role plays for meetings, and providing them toolkits to refer them. In MOBILINK Peshawar they do not have formal HR department and final recruitments are done at ISLAMABD head office. They do have informal set up for hiring internees and also perform the responsibilities of HR manager in coordination with other major departments. In MOBILINK Islamabad head office they have formal HR setups for making decisions for other regions as well. Strategies are there in MOBILINK for HR manager to provide help to LINE manager in performing their job. HR manager clarify the standards, expectations, performance goals and ask line boss for his feed back regularly. HR manager of MOBILINK look ways for line manager to get him out of jams and prevent him for making serious errors. There may be some conflicts between the priorities of HR and of line management, in this situation a manager has to work hard for identifying issues and makes alternative for addressing it. HR manager when presenting bad news, try to bundle it with good news also but be careful to avoid letting problems drag for extended periods of time waiting on good news to happen. Line managers and supervisors are responsible for enforcing and promoting the work environment of dignity. They must take every action to prevent the unsuitable behavior. Line managers and HR managers are expected to communicate clearly to their staff members about their policies of harassment, discipline etc. MOBILINK is considering having the best HR in PAKISTAN and they have retained this edge. According to the judgment the HR department of MOBILINK is achieving their desired results. They have a good relationship with the different departments like finance, marketing etc. D1: Evaluate the roles and responsibilities of HR manager and line manager in the organization as compared to their ideal role. The HR manager of MOBILINK is performing well against the ideal situation. HR manager is good in communication and makes people understand that what he is saying. Manager also has the knowledge of principles and procedure of recruitment and also effective and efficient in providing the services to customers and personnel. HR manager is a good speaker and also have the ability to recognize what the other person is saying and also have strong working relationship internally and externally. HR manager is pleasant with other employees on the job and displaying a cooperative attitude. The standard for the ideal manager are SELF MOTIVATION The person that the manager is hiring for the job has to be capable of doing work without the close supervision of the boss. Communication skills Confidence and personality plays important role in the abilities of manager to communicate. Manager should be capable of clear communication with their fellow managers customers and employees. GREAT CUSTOMER SERVICE SKILLS Manager should be excellent in dealing with clients and customers. Manager should have the skills to make the difficult customer happy. So in that way the organization can hold their customer and business can grow. CONFLICTS RESOLUTION Manager should be capable of handling conflict in the organization. Manager need to be calm and able to identify and listening issues discuss it resolve it and followed up. Its important for a follow up check to ensure there are no further problems. SETTING GOALS Manager need to focus on a specific goal and able to assign the tasks to the employees. RESPONSIBILITY Managers responsible for ensuring the tasks assignments and dead line needed to be met and hire appropriate people and handle the situation which tends to be profitable in the end. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ORGANISATION A manager should have all the knowledge about the organization so that he/she would be capable of giving answers to their clients customers and staff members. LEADERSHIP SKILLS Managers should have strong leadership skills. Managers are the leaders in work place. Manager need to be a good speaker and assigning tasks. Manager should also be able of handling group of people and should lead the group or team in the right direction. D2: Suggest recommendations for realistic improvement against the defined Human resource is one of the most exciting and challenging departments of the organizations. People are very important in any organization. MOBILINK has a strong HR system and therefore we did not found many drawbacks in their HR practices. There are some but it can be better by little effort. RECOMMENDATIONS Following are some recommendations based upon our analysis. We observed that employees are not aware of their depth policies o the employee are lacking in the knowledge about policies which is the responsibility of HR manager to aware them. MOBILINK HR should have to monitoring and measuring employee s performance. HR lacks in terms of career planning and development so MOBILINK has to recognize this function in their policy statement. MOBILINK should have to increase in its recruitment sources so that they will not loose the potential candidates. HR manager should have to make clear communication with their lower staff which in terms makes the organization beneficial.

Jealousy and Self-Love in My Last Duchess by Robert Browning Essay

Robert Browning's dramatic poem "My Last Duchess" defines how extremely a person may lose touch with reality, as a result of jealousy and self-love. Â  This central thought is achieved through an aristocrat's conversation with a visitor concerning a painting of his ex-wife; within the conversation, the aristocrat--Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara--reveals that he has been a key figure in the murder of his late wife. Â  The Duke's sense of reality and his misuse of power stand as important facets within the fabrication of the central idea. The Duke almost seems to be encouraging the reader to focus on the fact that his sense of reality is defective. Â  He begins pressing this notion to the reader within the early stages of the poem, while talking to the visitor about a portrait of his murdered wife: "I call that piece a wonder now: Fra Pandolf's hands worked busily a day, and there she stands"(Browning 695-696). Â  Upon reading this so early in the Duke's conversation, the reader is taken back; how could an individual be more interested in the quality of work in a piece of art than his dead...

Good and Evil of Internet Essay

The onset of computers on the general population has given a boost to the Economy in the world’s market. People who weren’t much aware of the world became drawn to computers, which in turn brought about the Internet, connecting the world all over. The Internet has played a major role in the lives of people all over the world. Now, it is not limited to just important organizations or governments. Everyone who owns a computer is logged on to the Internet; and this has made the world seem smaller. No one has to wait for the postman to deliver the mail, but instead one can just connect to the Internet and right away, you got mail. The Internet has been a boon, yet there are its darker aspects, which has caused much harm. The world is now so dependent on the Internet that it seems unthinkable of living without it. The computer industry got a boost when the people discovered that the world was progressing in leaps and bounds, and should any country be left out would be considered a backward country. Developing countries caught on to the progress. Learning about computers in school was made compulsory. To enhance the knowledge, everyone, young and old had to learn about computers and that was the first step. From computers to the Internet is but just a step ahead. Families who have migrated to different parts of the world have the link of Internet to connect to their relatives and friends, in the fastest and cheapest way. Internet has brought families, friends and businesses closer than they actually are. Communications via the Internet is so fast and cheap that there is no hold to its progress. The Internet brought about a lot of developments around the world, which otherwise would have taken much longer. Employers could buy the best talent around the world at a cheaper price than they would have to pay for hiring local workers. The young and aspiring workers left their homes and found better employment abroad, by searching for jobs on the Internet. Businesses flourished, as they could be in touch with whom they were dealing with, fast and quick on the Internet. The Internet brought prosperity all around and every small and big business caught on to the fear of being left behind. Big and small schools opened up for teaching computers and the Internet. Cyber cafes flourished to the assistance of those who did not possess a computer. Various Internet service providers propped up offering a variety of discounts and benefits for Internet services. Industries prospered, employees and employers also prospered, and to say the least there is just no stopping to the growth of the Internet. Information is at your fingertips, there is no need for the newspaper; all you need to do is switch on the computer and go to the web page to read the news. The Internet certainly is responsible for the development of the world, but it also has its negativity, which has brought about considerable disruptions and problems in its wake. Bad characters had limitations before, but now with the Internet, their limitations have gained a spot over. Countries know the secrets of each other and are always trying to harm one another in some way. Recent September eleven attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, in which thousands perished and landmarks reduced to rubble, are living proofs of what the Internet is capable of. Hacking, junk mail, obscene mail, porn mail and viruses are all done via the Internet. There is much damage done via the Internet to the minds of young adolescent children and these are just a few examples. The world is full of good and bad people, and having the Internet at your fingertips leaves something to your imagination of where the world is progressing today. The discovery of Internet is definitely a boon to the world and the development and betterment it has done for countries and people throughout the world. The progress that the world has made is beyond imagination, thanks to the Internet. The Internet has its advantages and disadvantages too. Those who want the betterment of the world spread enlightment and those that are bad create trouble and Internet is just the media through which they have access to the minds of people fast and results are equally fast and damaging. Now it is the responsibility of each and every family, parents, teachers, and the well wisher of the world to educate their young impressionable children, to differentiate between the good and evil. We hope this awareness should eliminate the negative aspect of the Internet.

Political Language Essay

Language is the life blood of politics. Political power struggles, and the legitimisation of political policies and authorities occurs primarily through discourse and verbal representations. Power can either be exercised through coercion or what US commentator Walter Lippman termed in the 1930s the manufacture of consent. Largely unable, and hopefully unwilling, to coerce; political authorities in so called democratic polities often need to manufacture consent in order to undertake their agendas. While this most obviously concerns relations between a government and its wider public, this process has profound effects on the workings inside governments and is an important aspect of socialisation into governmental work cultures. Put simply the manufacture of consent is a language based process of ideological indoctrination. While being astonishingly comprehensive, it is a remarkably subtle process. Discourse carries the very assumptions under which the things it alludes to are known and ordered in the context in which it is used. In concrete terms this means that the content of political language contains the very rationale by which it is to be framed, defined, understood and acted upon. Commonly this produces the manufacture of consent. Political language, as Michael Geis points out in The Language of Politics, conveys both the linguistic meaning of what is said and the corpus, or a part of it, of the political beliefs underpinning any given statement (p7). Whether circulating inside or outside governments this means that political discourse transmits and unconsciously reinforces the ideological foundations and the ways of knowing of the dominant political authorities. Applied to government agencies this means that the language of its official texts contains the means by which things are known and understood within these agencies. This means that official documents are shaped according to the way in which things are known and understood in the context in which they are primarily employed. What is included, excluded and how the document is structured is largely determined by these methods of knowing, understanding, and what these are ideologically deemed to encompass. None of this is to necessarily say that the contents of a document are untrue. In the case of Randolf Paul’s report nothing alleged in it has been refuted. However its structure reflects the prizing of particular modes of linear rational thought, empiricism, and ideas of objectivity characteristic of the US bureaucracy. What he represented may well have been far less straightforward than how he presented it. The events Paul portrayed may well have included other significant happenings that were not included because they were either not recognised as such within the knowledge structures of the US bureaucracy, or because they may have contentiously reflected unfavourably on the ideological principles underlying the US government. On the flip side official documents can be used to identify the ideological principles of a government agency and the political authorities it represents. Where there is conflict in political discourse, there is conflict about the ideological and philosophical assumptions underlying political authority. Official texts, and their structures should be analysed to uncover the assumptions of knowledge and ideology at the foundations of the authority producing the text. According to Foucault, the most useful question in such an analysis is something along the lines of ‘ how is it that one particular statement appeared instead of another statement’ . Further reading : Burton, F., & Carlen, P. , Official Discourse : On Discourse Analysis, Government Publications, Ideology, and the State, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1979. Fairclough, N. , Language and Power, Longman, London, 1989. Foucault, M. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith, Pantheon Books, New York, 1972. Geis, M. , The Language of Politics, Spring – Verlag, New York, 1987. HOME DOCUMENT http://teaching. arts. usyd. edu. au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/Callous%20Bystanders/language. html v.

Bending Moment Lab Report Essays

Bending Moment Lab Report Essays Bending Moment Lab Report Paper Bending Moment Lab Report Paper Moments are calculated by using static theory, or multiplying perpendicularly directed load by the respective distance to the pivot point. 1. 2 Objective The main objective of that laboratory is to provide students with basic experience and thus, the comparison between calculated and measured values (software) should be demonstrated to show the ability to apply static theory from applied mechanics module. 1. 3 Theory Shear forces The shearing force at any section of a beam is the algebraic sum of the lateral components of the forces acting on either side of the section. F is the resultant action on the left of AAA. As the beam is in equilibrium then resultant reaction on the right of AAA must be downwards. Figurer. Shear forces diagram Equilibrium state fix=ON; iffy=ON; IMO=ON. M In our case we use AAA as a reference point to calculate the bending moment Bending Moment Bending Moment at AAA is defined as the algebraic sum of the moments about the section of all forces acting on either side of the section. Bending moment is considered to be positive when the total moment on the right of AAA is clockwise, whereas moment to the right of AAA is anticlockwise. That type of behavior of ending moment is called sagging since it makes the beam to become concave upward. The opposite of sagging is called hogging. Figure 2. Bending moment (sagging) diagram 2. Experimental apparatus The provided technical equipment is a very functional device that enables students to perform laboratory sessions for mechanical, civil and structural engineering students. It help students to learn more and create a clear visualization and straightforward proof of the bending moment theory in a beam. Experiments include the ability to place the load at any point on the load line o measure the bending moment. The whole apparatus consists of hardware (device itself) and software (program for determining bending moment) Software Software of the STAR is a program that enables computer to perform various tasks as with loads on the line as by virtual visualization. The computer simulation implies the usage of software without teaching hardware equipment. To put it simply, experiments could be actually conducted without the apparatus. Figure 3. Bending moment hardware apparatus Hardware The high quality bending moment device consist of two parallel beams which eave a cut position that acts like a pivot. To accomplish bending moment in a beam experiment students apply loads along the beam. The moment arm bridges the cut onto the load cell thus calculating the reacting and measuring the bending moment force. Students are then able to see the force resultant on the digital display. Additionally, weighs, weighs hangers as well as student and teacher laboratory manuals are included. 3. Experiment Figure 4. Loads and reaction forces diagram In the first part of experiment conducted only one load of 3 available different dads were applied at the distance of mm from the left corner of beam (0-PI).

Ghost Hunting is Pure Fiction

Ghost Hunting is Pure Fiction It is interesting that in a time of increasing secularism and a renewed interest in rationality and skepticism, many people still believe in ghosts. Even many of the same people who dont believe in other supernatural entities maintain a belief in ghosts. Ghost hunting is still popular today, with reality  television  shows featuring ghost hunters and ghost hunting specialists that people can literally hire in order to inspect their own homes for ghosts. However, there is no evidence that ghosts even exist or that the  techniques  of ghost hunters are more than pure fiction. The popularity of ghost hunting and the belief in ghosts is not evidence of anything other than the desire to believe in ghosts. The Lack of Evidence for Ghosts and Ghost Hunting One of the reasons why the belief in ghosts persists is that ghosts are often considered invisible. Invisible things are harder to disprove. Many of the superstitions that have lasted a long time are invisible. People can simply claim that the thing in question does exist and that people cant prove that it doesnt exist, thus hiding behind the problem of knowing. Its easier to make this argument with entities that are invisible, intangible, and otherwise nearly beyond detection. People end up with functionally no evidence for them or against them, and the believer can simply appeal to the problem of knowing and win the argument on a technicality. Ghosts Manifest as Electromagnetic Radiation Of course, ghost hunters supposedly say that they can locate ghosts, so they do believe that there is something that separates areas that have ghosts from areas that dont have ghosts. They believe that there is evidence for ghosts. However, the evidence that they do choose could very easily be explained by something else. They use devices all the time that supposedly can be used to pinpoint the location of a ghost. However, these devices are usually just detecting electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation levels in a building can vary depending on surrounding or distant power sources and not just the ones that the ghost hunters have immediately identified. One of the biggest tricks of their trade is very easily debunked. You will definitely enjoy reading these articles: Is Science Atheistic? Ghostwriting Can Science Go Too Far? Education and  Pursuit of Right Wisdom Environmental Education and Green Citizenship Extraordinary Claims Require High Standards of Evidence The belief in ghosts is an extraordinary claim that requires equally extraordinary evidence. Ghost hunters have electromagnetic radiation and noises. The existence of ghosts would mean that it was possible for a human consciousness to exist outside of the brain. Scientists have a hard time even quantifying human consciousness, and all evidence suggests that it is a product of mental functioning. As such, it could not exist without brain matter. Electromagnetic radiation and noises are insufficient to explain something as unlikely as ghosts. Old houses are often structurally unsound and they will make funny noises. The human brain is primed to look for patterns. Patterns of noises can easily be imagined as being caused by ghosts in the minds of people who believe in ghosts. People who believe in ghosts will look for even the slightest evidence that ghosts exist in a bias known as confirmation bias. The belief in ghosts is popular because ghosts are defined in such a way that it is difficult to completely discredit their existence. The problem of knowing is an unsolved philosophical problem. However, in order to believe in ghosts or ghost hunting, people need to get some evidence that ghosts exist. The idea that it is possible for human consciousness to exist outside of the body seems to contradict all that is known about human neurology. Ghost hunters will use the noises and electromagnetic radiation in old houses to justify the existence of ghosts. However, finding out that ghosts exist would require scientists to revise their entire understanding of the human brain. Electromagnetic radiation and random noises are easily explained away. They cannot be used as evidence for anything other than the complicated nature of the environment that people are trying to understand.

Business munication of Exchanging Information

It is evident that munication is a process of exchanging information accurately and is a connecting aspect for deepen the connections to others and improve teamwork (Griffin, 2013). In recent times, it is seen that Chinese people are taking interest to travel to Australia for visiting the tourist places to explore the beauty and culture of this nation. However, the difference in their culture and language results in a munication gap that needs to be reduced for effective munication (Orey, 2014). Thus, the following report will provide an illustration regarding improving munication skills within the organization. The two of the most effective areas of the training programs that will be considered are developing good interpersonal skills among the staffs and international tourists especially Chinese and developing the culture of the entire organization so that tourists can rely on the pany for getting accurate information. Furthermore, some r mendations will also be presented for the f uture progress of these programs so that more people from China can visit Australia for acquiring knowledge and beauty of the nation. International people especially Chinese often face difficulties in munication with Australian people and thus they did not get proper information and details regarding tourist’s places, hotels and routes for these destinations (Eisler & Frederiksen, 2012). Thus, it is crucial to develop a good interpersonal skill among the staffs with international tourists. This process prises of improvement of nonverbal munication, improvement of interactions with international tourists and managing people's impressions on the staffs (Robles, 2012). Thus, it can be said that not only appropriate non-verbal munication is crucial but effective listening and based on that offering effective feedback is also important that has to be developed for improved munication skills within the organization. O'Neil (2014) stated that firstly it is important to improve the non-verbal munication and understands all its activities like facial expressions, use of touch and voice for munication. It is thus, further stated by Griffin (2013) that Visual cues are more important to deliver and interpret that of the audio cues. Thus, staffs of Coit's Outback Adventures must have to attain a positive gesture and a smiling attitude while attending any international tourists. However, Cheruvelil et al. (2014) highlight that these non-verbal cues can be attained if the staffs understand the importance of nonverbal munication. The staffs have to prehend the nonverbal munications that they receive from the tourists and then clear all their queries for providing them all the necessary details on Australia’s tourist’s destination along with the hotels and route details. Furthermore, learning of fortable body language is also necessary for effective interpersonal skills. Griffin (2013) denote d that a friendly gesture makes people share their confusion and queries to other. Thus, it will be beneficial for Coit's Outback Adventures’ staffs to learn fortable body language for clearing all the queries of tourist. This program for body language prises of actively listening by nodding, relaxed and formal gesture, eye-to-eye interaction; gender differences influence nonverbal munication, less interruption while tourists are explaining their queries and regulation of emotional cues. Keyton et al. (2013) moreover portray persuasiveness regarding the suggestion the staffs are giving to their clients, learning to incorporate a we ing body language in their behavior and being strategically assertive should be goals for improving the interactions. Staffs of Coit's Outback Adventures should also learn a simple and direct language to municate with the international staffs. The contribution of information that others did not know and provide relevant and true information to clients also makes a goof munication (DuBrin, 2014). Additionally, staffs must also learn to follow social expectations about being polite and should avoid bragging or being self-centered as it will diminish the number of clients in future.   The term organization culture refers to the aspect of shared assumptions, values and beliefs that make people of the organization attain organizational goals (Alvesson, 2012). Orey (2014) furthermore depicts that munication in this context plays a crucial role in team management and their collaboratively work for attaining those goals/objectives for the organization. In this area of the training programs, the staffs of Coit's Outback Adventures can learn how to manage the tourist's impression on the staffs and the nation. The staffs can learn to find mon ground. Taken for instance, to find an efficient tourism package based on mon ground between the staff and tourist, staff can suggest the best service available n their affordable budget. In this way the conflicts can be avoided. Shahzad et al. (2012) furthermore define that the staffs should learn the culture for actively listen to the tourist and not to assume things on behalf of the client's. However, staffs have the liberty to sh are their ideas and concepts or an alternative acceptable on which the clients/tourist can agree. Moreover, the staffs should not find any faults in the client's view or the working procedure fellow workers. Instead of this, they should suggest them with alternative ideas by explaining its benefits. Nica (2013) stated that in this way the culture of the organization could be well represented by the international clients. Acceptance of challenges also drives the organizational culture as solving these challenges will provide them a petitive advantage. Staffs of Coit's Outback Adventures must learn all the tourist schemes and packages they have so that effective package can be offered as per as the flexibility of the budget. Lastly, superiors must be accessible to all the organizational functionalities and operation and offer services and suggestion to staffs and clients while they are clearing their queries (Alvesson, 2012). Moreover, in the training programs also these managing authorities should present and evaluate their performance so that best candidates can be offered with p roper recognition and challenging job responsibilities and roles for their motivation (Goetsch & Davis, 2014). This also improves the organization culture through formal munication. Allow tourists to share their queries Make staffs behave according to the culture of the tourists Make staffs to help tourists according to their preferences Allow tourists to share their queries Learning to be strategically assertive Allow tourists to share their queries Allow tourists to share their queries Allow the tourists to get appropriate information Allow tourists to share their queries Developing effective organizational culture Allow tourists to share their queries Maintain the organizational culture by retaining their employee as well as staffs Thus, it can be concluded that Coit's Outback Adventures should mainly focus on Developing good interpersonal skills and effective organizational culture for improving the munication skills among the clients and staffs. The training program majorly highlights the aspects of improvements in nonverbal munication while understanding their importance in assisting international tourists. Learning fortable body language, recognizing cultural norms and influence of gender differences in nonverbal munication and regulation of emotional cues are the chief concern of this training activity. Improvements in interactions can also be achieved by learning from being persuasive, strategically assertive and appropriate body postures so that tourist and clients can clear their queries and get effective suggestions. Lastly, with this training program, the staffs also e to learn about the conflict management that can be achieved by giving the tourist a chance to speak and behave friendly with them. Las tly, accessibility of managing authorities for helping staffs during the training programs and on-job performance along with the provision of the liberty to speak and actively listen the queries of tourists represents the organization culture of Coit's Outback Adventures. This section highlights some of the future development consequences that can be implemented to strengthen the training programs so that staffs can assist the tourist effectively and suggesting them with best possible options. In this way, both employee retention and customer retention can be ensured. Recognition in training- Managing authorities can provide recognition to the staffs, which perform extraordinary so that they can get the motivation to give their best to the organization. Providing them other job and challenging responsibility can also enhance their petencies. Thus, to achieve recognition every staff will intend to show their best and learn all the munication skill to perform extraordinary. Diversification- As Coit's Outback Adventures is providing tourism suggestions to international tourists, recruitment of people belonging from different culture and nation will be beneficial for the organization. In this way, staffs can get aware of the knowledge regarding their nation and cultural values. This will not only help them in training but understand the preferences of the tourists from their culture. In this way, effective suggestions can be provided to the tourist irrespective of their cultural and traditional differences. Incorporation of e-learning training programs- In this technological world, people spent more time with electronic gadgets. Thus, incorporation of video conferencing allows the staffs to know the experiences and business proceedings in tourism from experts and tourism professionals of leading organization. Alvesson, M. (2012).  Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Cheruvelil, K. S., Soranno, P. A., Weathers, K. C., Hanson, P. C., Goring, S. J., Filstrup, C. T., & Read, E. K. (2014). Creating and maintaining high?performing collaborative research teams: the importance of diversity and interpersonal skills.  Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,  12(1), 31-38. DuBrin, A. J. (2014).  Human relations: Interpersonal job-oriented skills. Pearson Higher Ed. Eisler, R. M., & Frederiksen, L. W. (2012).  Perfecting social skills: A guide to interpersonal behavior development  (Vol. 56). Springer Science & Business Media. Goetsch, D. L., & Davis, S. B. (2014).  Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Griffin, R. W. (2013).  Fundamentals of management. Cengage Learning. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... & Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace munication behaviors.  The Journal of Business munication (1973),  50(2), 152-169. Nica, E. (2013). Organizational culture in the public sector.  Economics, Management, and Financial Markets,  8(2), 179-184. O'Neil, H. F. (2014).  Workforce readiness: petencies and assessment. Psychology Press. Orey, M. (2014). munication skills training. American Society for Training and Development. Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in today’s workplace.  Business munication Quarterly,  75(4), 453-465. Shahzad, F., Luqman, R. A., Khan, A. R., & Shabbir, L. (2012). Impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: an overview.  Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business,  3(9), 975-985.

WE 2 &3 Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WE 2  Response - Essay Example This includes rehabilitation, educational opportunities and job training, which will significantly deter growth of crime. For the past thirty-years, the United States relied on Incapacitation as a way of punishing offenders. But presently, rehabilitation is considered more efficient. Employees proposed this in the correctional facilities. However, the success of the rehabilitation process is usually dependant on probation supervisor and offenders interest. On the other hand, efforts to properly rehabilitate offenders have been derailed by a number of factors, namely, large caseloads, low pay, and weird goals. This is, as a result, of old policies that were less concerned about the correctional officers and recovery of offenders. Consequently, the rehabilitation process is negatively affected. Probation refers to a period within which the offender is under watch as directed by the court as an alternate judgment. Furthermore, it has imposed on offenders, waiting to serve their jail term. It plays a significant role in reforming offenders. The success of probation is possible with the existence of a probation officer. They are usually tasked with the responsibility of doing the following to the offender, monitor their progress and secure jobs, maintaining contact with employers, and arranging for job interviews. The possibility of an offenders being transformed relies on their willingness to change and attitude towards their officers. The constant evolution of the probation process, through three phases, has raised hopes regarding the ability of probation officers to provoke behavioral change. In the 1990’s, there was the formulation of the community correction models. Its role was to provide intervention during supervision of offenders. However, the outcome of fusing treatment with supervision was problematic. For this reason, the results were contrary to the expectation. The use of evidence-based practices identified factors

How Virgin Atlantic Advertise itself in the UK and Los Angeles Essay

How Virgin Atlantic Advertise itself in the UK and Los Angeles - Essay Example For a large and successful organization like Virgin Atlantic, the company uses various modes of advertising depending on the location or place where it tries to target. The type of advertisements or promotional strategies used depends on the consideration of the cultural barriers, language, attitudes of people towards such factors like advertising, advertising regulations and media infrastructures. In Los Angeles, Virgin Atlantic mainly advertises through the radio, print advertisements and publications. The following figure shows some of the print advertisements used in USA by the company. Figure 1: Print Advertisements in USA (Source: Virgin Atlantic, â€Å"Print Advertisements†) The company has recently launched its second phase of its global advertising campaign in Los Angeles. This has been titled as ‘Get Local’. This campaign targeted the ‘out of home’ advertisements which included bill boards, train shelters, buses, etc that runs in the top gat eways in the US. This primary includes Los Angeles along with New York, Washington D C, San Francisco and Boston. This is a perfect picture of an adaptation strategy by the company as it not only highlights particular aspects of the upper classes flying experiences but also tailored to present certain nuances that resonate in the city in which they appear. The following is an example of an advertisement of Virgin Atlantic in Los Angeles. Figure 2: Example of advertisement of Virgin Atlantic in Los Angeles (Source: Virgin Atlantic-b, â€Å"GET LOCAL CAMPAIGN†) Following is an example of an advertisement used by Virgin Atlantic in UK. Figure 3: Print Advertisement in UK (Source: Virgin Atlantic-a, â€Å"UK Advertisements†) In 2003, Virgin Atlantic used e-mail marketing for the creation of a new standard of upper class air travel which had lie-down beds along with personal services in the upper class cabins. E-mail alerts were sent to the air travellers having a hypertext which directed them to the website of Virgin Atlantic. Under this system customers were able to take a complete look at the cabins which were introduced, the ticket options available and the check routes also. The idea was to attract the upper classes of passengers to pay for the premium prices by the exclusivity and comfort that the new cabins provided. Virgin Atlantics’ integrated communication schemes used membership schemes with benefits that enhanced the name of the brand considerably and helped in increasing the happiness and satisfaction of the customers also (Hackley, p.128). There are certain standardized marketing elements used by the airline for all places. These global marketing elements include its logo, brand value and distinctive airplanes. The brand value of the airline as â€Å"caring, honest, value, fun, innovative†, is found in all its communication and strategies. However, certain adaptive formats are evident in its accompanying international adver tisements where it tries to translate its brand themes in certain culturally specific ways and at the same time tries to retain its international image. For example, it tries to draw passengers from Los Angeles through its bright, luxurious and

Kmarts Downfall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kmarts Downfall - Essay Example The competition model established by Porter is an analytical tool for studying industry behavior and corporate strategies. It is derived from industrial organization economics and includes five forces. These forces, in turn, determine the level of competition, and thus that profitability of a market. These five forces comprise of substitutes, competitors, new entering firms, bargaining power of suppliers and customers. The facts of this case study reveal that Kmart was facing intense competition from Wal-mart and Target. Wal-Mart initiated the movement of every day low prices, which was a more worthy substitute for products in Kmart. In addition, Wal-Mart utilized information technology to keep a record of sales in all of their stores and for ordering stocks of fast moving items. Wal-mart heavily invested in information technology by installing new registers with barcode scanners in every store during the 1970s and early 1980s, which fed the sales data into the back-end computers. This information, in turn, assisted them in planning future strategies, deciding which products reap more profit. Thus, they gained a competitive advantage. By 1983, Wal-Mart was able to receive goods for only two cents whereas Kmart had to pay five cents per dollar for getting goods to stores. This meant that Wal-Mart was in a position to sell products at a price three percent lesser in contrast to Kmart. Then, another c ompetitor Target began a new campaign in which they depicted themselves as a low-cost source of quality and style mart. They focused on merchandising. These attractive schemes took away Kmart’s market share. This demonstrates that Kmart was under intense pressure of substitutes, competitors, and lost customers. In 1987, Kmart undertook investments worth 1 million to modernize their systems.  

Jefferson's view about the Missouri Compromise Assignment

Jefferson's view about the Missouri Compromise - Assignment Example It is interesting to consider the view of Jefferson with the benefit of hindsight. The admission of Missouri as a slave state would have meant that the number of slave states within the Union would outnumber the free states by one, hence the compromise of allowing Maine to enter the Union as a free state. By the start of the Civil War, 25 states supported the federal government and 11 states were part of the Confederacy, and by the end of the Civil War the Union had prevaled. In a sense, Jefferson was right to have misgivings because the Union as it was in 1820 was destroyed, and the Missouri Compromise was one of the triggers for the start of the Civil War (McPherson & Hogue, 2009, p19). The Missouri Compromise is said to have exposed slavery as a contentious issue, and of course the Civil War was a response to slavery. However, Jefferson was not completely wrong. He also described the Missouri Compromise as the knell of the Union, where knell is taken to mean a solomn announcement of death. The Union as it was then died, perhaps, but the Civil War did end in a Union victory and thus the Missouri Compromise can be said to have strengthened the Union infinitely. The Missouri Compromise was not the only source of growing tensions in the US. In the 1840s, the American-Mexican war took place in response to the Mexican designs for the state of Texas (one of the states supporting slavery in the Confederacy). It was the American victory (and subsequent permanent acquisition of the state of Texas, amongst others) that led to the next Compromise with regard to slavery, that of 1850 (McPherson & Hogue, 2009, p88). The Compromise of 1850 was a bill defining the status of the newly aquired states within the United States, something that diffused the immediate political problems but did not, evidently, remove the need for the Civil War. We can say that

Wright Brothers patent cases and influence on aviation Term Paper

Wright Brothers patent cases and influence on aviation - Term Paper Example This was way back in 1903 and two years later they created the aircraft which was the first empirically done-wing aircraft. Even though they might not be considered the first to develop a flying experimental airplane, they are credited for being the pioneers in inventing an aircraft that could be controlled with a fixed wing energized aircraft (John, 2004). Their essential success was in the construction of the three-axis control that helped the pilot to maneuver the airplane successfully and to sustain the balance it needed. This mechanism came to be the norm and is still the benchmark on fixed wing airplane of all types (John, 2004). From the start of their aviation creativity, the two brothers put their efforts into solving the puzzle of flying. Besides, they made attempts to patent their invention to prevent imitators who would outdo them in the long-run. From their invention, there was a great influence on the aviation industry that brought about the current modern airplanes. .. . However, some authors argue that the Wright Patent cases had a very retrogressive impact on the American aviation during the early nineteenth century (Parish, 2004). However, the precedents set in these cases perceived in the context of the disparity in the opinions of the military amongst the different aircrafts producer; it seems valuable to the current time period. The connection between the training pilots and the producing firms was to a large extent solidified by the social relations. The Wright Brothers’ patent case was complicated by the various technological details which involved use of diagrams that necessitated the readers and users to see the finer details under its description. The main details were well understood by the users. Fundamentally, the patent cases placed the American aviation industry on a slow growth. The American aviation had all the rights to be first ones to invent a flying machine. This was not possible under the Wright Brothers’ patent t actic. This eventually impeded the growth of the aviation industry in America. Turning the attention to the United States military aviation, the Wright brothers’ patent case had significant influence on aspects such as politics, technology, culture and the entire organization where their evolution was stunted immensely. Lack of funding by the federal government was another drawback to the military aviation owing to the patent cases which disrupted the civilian opinion on the aeronautic constituency. The various ligation cases by the Wright Brothers disrupted the development of technology in the American aviation industry and reduced the pace of the manufacturing capacity of the American aviation industry. Even though the experience of war assisted in

Strategic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Strategic Analysis - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that technological intervention has broken all geographical barriers thereby shrinking the world into a small global village. This has increased the level of competition in the markets since companies have to compete with local, as well as foreign brands. In such competitive times, information bears great relevance for any organization since it provides the basis for effective decision making and strategic analysis. It is a thing of the past when managers developed long terms goals and relied on their luck to attain success. The modern competitive times require proactive strategic analysis that caters the changes in the internal as well as external environments. The domain of strategic analysis provides the guiding principles and approaches to survive in the competitive world and attain success. Earlier, organizations developed a source of competitive advantage and simply had to defend the respective product or service against any probable replacements. In the modern markets, there exists no such thing as finding a competitive advantage and sticking to it. Dynamism tends to benefit more than rigidity. Kathwala stated that companies need to ensure that they perform comprehensive strategic analysis and adopt strategic flexibility so that they are able to reallocate their focus from one domain to the other to cater to the frequent changes in customers’ demands.

Wright Brothers patent cases and influence on aviation Term Paper

Wright Brothers patent cases and influence on aviation - Term Paper Example This was way back in 1903 and two years later they created the aircraft which was the first empirically done-wing aircraft. Even though they might not be considered the first to develop a flying experimental airplane, they are credited for being the pioneers in inventing an aircraft that could be controlled with a fixed wing energized aircraft (John, 2004). Their essential success was in the construction of the three-axis control that helped the pilot to maneuver the airplane successfully and to sustain the balance it needed. This mechanism came to be the norm and is still the benchmark on fixed wing airplane of all types (John, 2004). From the start of their aviation creativity, the two brothers put their efforts into solving the puzzle of flying. Besides, they made attempts to patent their invention to prevent imitators who would outdo them in the long-run. From their invention, there was a great influence on the aviation industry that brought about the current modern airplanes. .. . However, some authors argue that the Wright Patent cases had a very retrogressive impact on the American aviation during the early nineteenth century (Parish, 2004). However, the precedents set in these cases perceived in the context of the disparity in the opinions of the military amongst the different aircrafts producer; it seems valuable to the current time period. The connection between the training pilots and the producing firms was to a large extent solidified by the social relations. The Wright Brothers’ patent case was complicated by the various technological details which involved use of diagrams that necessitated the readers and users to see the finer details under its description. The main details were well understood by the users. Fundamentally, the patent cases placed the American aviation industry on a slow growth. The American aviation had all the rights to be first ones to invent a flying machine. This was not possible under the Wright Brothers’ patent t actic. This eventually impeded the growth of the aviation industry in America. Turning the attention to the United States military aviation, the Wright brothers’ patent case had significant influence on aspects such as politics, technology, culture and the entire organization where their evolution was stunted immensely. Lack of funding by the federal government was another drawback to the military aviation owing to the patent cases which disrupted the civilian opinion on the aeronautic constituency. The various ligation cases by the Wright Brothers disrupted the development of technology in the American aviation industry and reduced the pace of the manufacturing capacity of the American aviation industry. Even though the experience of war assisted in

Truth and Socrates Essay Example for Free

Truth and Socrates Essay Euthyphro – Plato Explain how the concept of holiness emerges in the dialogue and why it takes a prominent position in the conversation between Socrates and Euthyphro. â€Å"Euthyphro answers that there is no difference of opinion, either among gods or men, as to the propriety of punishing a murderer. Yes, rejoins Socrates, when they know him to be a murderer; but you are assuming the point at issue. If all the circumstances of the case are considered, are you able to show that your father was guilty of murder, or that all the gods are agreed in approving of our prosecution of him? And must you not allow that what is hated by one god may be liked by another? Waiving this last, however, Socrates proposes to amend the definition, and say that what all the gods love is pious, and what they all hate is impious. To this Euthyphro agrees. † But the pious or holy is loved by the gods because it is pious or holy, which is equivalent to saying, that it is loved by them because it is dear to them. Here then appears to be a contradiction,Euthyphro has been giving an attribute or accident of piety only, and not the essence. Euthyphro acknowledges himself that his explanations seem to walk away or go round in a circle, like the moving figures of Daedalus, the ancestor of Socrates, who has communicated his art to his descendants. Present the three definitions that Euthyphro uses in his response to Socrates, and then explain how Socrates refutes each of Euthyphro’s definitions. 1) Euthyphro answers that there is no difference of opinion, either among gods or men, as to the propriety of punishing a murderer. Yes, rejoins Socrates, when they know him to be a murderer; but you are assuming the point at issue. If all the circumstances of the case are considered, are you able to show that your father was guilty of murder, or that all the gods are agreed in approving of our prosecution of him? And must you not allow that what is hated by one god may be liked by another? Socrates proceeds to analyze the new form of the definition. He shows that in other cases the act precedes the state; e. g. the act of being carried, loved, etc. precedes the state of being carried, loved, etc. , and therefore that which is dear to the gods is dear to the gods because it is first loved of them, not loved of them because it is dear to them. 2) The next definition, Piety is that which is loved of the gods, is shipwrecked on a refined distinction between the state and the act, corresponding respectively to the adjective (philon) and the participle (philoumenon), or rather perhaps to the participle and the verb (philoumenon and phileitai). The act is prior to the state (as in Aristotle the energeia precedes the dunamis); and the state of being loved is preceded by the act of being loved. But piety or holiness is preceded by the act of being pious, not by the act of being loved; and therefore piety and the state of being loved are different. Through such subtleties of dialectic Socrates is working his way into a deeper region of thought and feeling. He means to say that the words loved of the gods express an attribute only, and not the essence of piety. 3) Then follows the third and last definition, Piety is a part of justice. Thus far Socrates has proceeded in placing religion on a moral foundation. He is seeking to realize the harmony of religion and morality, which the great poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Pindar had unconsciously anticipated, and which is the universal want of all men. To this the soothsayer adds the ceremonial element, attending upon the gods. When further interrogated by Socrates as to the nature of this attention to the gods, he replies, that piety is an affair of business, a science of giving and asking, and the like. Socrates points out the anthropomorphism of these notions, (compare Symp. ; Republic; Politicus. ) But when we expect him to go on and show that the true service of the gods is the service of the spirit and the co-operation Formulate your own argument as to what you think Socrates’s goal is in this dialogue. How do you know that is his goal? What features of the dialogue align with your interpretation of his goal? Generally, we do assume that we know things, although the skeptic is always around to remind us that maybe our confidence shouldnt be too high. The correspondence theorist insists that our knowledge claims are true, or at least very reliable, if our claims match up, or correspond, to the way the world actually is. The coherence theorist, in contrast, suggests that our various beliefs all must fit together, or cohere, correctly. Kant offers an alternative that combines a correspondence theory of truth (that is, our claims are true if they correspond to the world) and a rule–oriented theory of knowledge (that is, what we call knowledge must not break any of the rules that give us the ability to make those knowledge claims in the first place). a. Provide your own definition of piety/holiness and then create a Socratic response/critique of your definition. After you present your definition, take on the role of Socrates and respond to your own definition as you think he would.

Natural Church Development

Natural Church Development ESSAY TOPIC: AN AUDIT OF THE OF A CONGREGATION DESIGN TO DISCERN ITS STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREAT. STRATEGY FOR ITS FURTHER DEVELOPMENT BUILDING ON YOUR AUDIT INTRODUCTION In recent years, it has become very difficult to get people to church. Many would rather go to football field or a cinema than to church. Some complained that church is boring and out of date while others believe it is meant for the elderly and the children. Whichever way, there is a drift away in thinking. Burke echo the above observation said, The reality is, postmodernism is a fad, it is not a new trend we can ride out and ignore. Whether or not you realise it, you live in a postmodern world . There is no point in pretending that you are not or wishing that things would go back to the way they were thirty years.[1] Wishing things in church go back decades back is not good for people and civilization nevertheless it is unrealistic. However, Synder noted that, the church of God is Gods kingdom or institution on earth and for that reason, the theological or organisation structure should not be questioned knowing well that from insertion of the church to now, the church is still unfol ding Gods purpose for humanity.[2] The church has a role of unfolding Gods plan to the world yet faced with these challenges, what are the solutions to overcoming them. It is also worth noting that each church has her peculiarity. This essay will be focusing on using the Natural Church Development module to take a look at the health of a church I once worked with discern the strength and weakness and strategizing a solution. This essay measures the churchs health rather than the typical growth by using the Schwarzs eight quality of characteristics of church health. THE CHURCH HISTORY AND HEALTH Coming from an African church setting, I felt compelled to pick on one of the African church setting I have been involved for years for this essay due to my insight of the congregation and the history. I felt assured to proceed using the church because the pastors and the governing boards were willing to assist in the research that might be involved. Furthermore, the governing board and the pastors were open to the administration of the Natural Church Development using the eight quality characteristics to access the church health. The NCD experimental mode was used throughout the collation and administration of the project. The main instrument of the NCD used was the questionnaire, due to short time in getting data needed to write this essay. The questionnaire used for this essay was limited to only very few members of the congregation of twenty who were pick randomly in order to have a balance information. The expectation is that at the end of the project, the church would have been healthier and experience growth. Also, putting to mind the stresses this change might bring to the congregation, the governing board and pastors are helping the congregation negotiate the change while the project last. This estimated time of completion is one year. The church setting has her origin from Nigeria, West Africa with over 65 years of existence. The central core message of the church as well as the organisational principle is based on the book of Hebrew 13:8 with Berner noting that, has almost gone full circle through the vicissitudes of days of small things to periods of intense evangelistic fervour and search for doctrinal anchor and purity, to the present explosion into socio-political power, economic privilege and spiritual aristocracy.'[3] Nigeria in West Africa has diverse religion and beliefs with three main religion mainly the African Traditional Religion, Christianity and Islam. This diversity brings with along hunger for the truth. Moreover, the quest to fight poverty also aided the growth for search for divine intervention which many found in the churches. This is possible because of the reliance on Holy Spirit among the Pentecostal churches. Furthermore, the young and educated wanted something different from the traditio nal religion or the orthodox churches settled for this new moment. The growth of Pentecostalism began to make most churches to focus on the leading of the Holy Spirit and the power of Pentecost so much that church leadership and organisation in most of these churches have to be by the leading of the Holy Spirit. The selected church organisation of this essay was one of the early church of this moment. The growth of the church movement led to the expansion of the church beyond the border of Africa to other countries including United Kingdom where the parish of the church for this essay is located. The location of this parish was strategic because it is in an area of London that was seriously in need of a change and a living church. As most churches in that area then were either empty and the buildings were converted to hall for general social activities or you see only elderly weekly. This calls for the need of a church for the people not only to worship God but also socialise together creating a community in a community. As noted by Avis, Mission is not a discrete activity of the church, but the cutting edge of the churchs life. It includes the vital areas of social engagement, compassionate care, prophetic critique, Christian education and intellectual dialogue and apologetic.[4] The challenge I discovered was that the church was not reaching the people of the community and the few people coming were people of the same culture. Research carried out in the community during my earlier years in the church shows that there were people searching for a church nearby but were not feeling welcomed to be a part of the church due to approach, cultural design or the mode of service and people management. The pastors and governing board noticed these challenges but were limited with lasting solution to these challenges. Moreover, they are of the opinion that it is God that gives the increase 1 Cor 3:6. Secondly, there were sense of satisfaction and success because there were flints of cars always packing for church services. It is sad because though there were flints of cars in major services, the people coming were from other communities, the church was unable to reach her immediate community. Furthermore, some the members who were from Africa now residing in this area were not getting the spiritual satisfaction there were hoping for because of their experiences from the African setting of the church. The theological implication of the struggle was that many who were very spiritually thorough back in Africa were now struggling with their faith either due to cultural, economic or social differences that need to be attended to in other to create a balance among the congregation. Many not only left the church to seek for spiritual satisfaction while some left Christianity completely due to disappointment in the leadership style or approach. Looking this, Snyder stated that, the church is the agent of the Kingdom of God first of all through what it. It best serves the kingdoms interests as the messianic community of Gods people rather than as an ecclesiastical institution.[5] For clarity of purpose I concentrated my project on the principle of the church, that states but God that gave the increase[6] Though, there are numerous books, theories and modules on the concept of church health today. For me to remain focus on my objective, and fundamental principle of the parish, I restricted myself to the Natural Church Development by Christian A. Schwarz. In this essay, the concept given by Christian A. Schwarz and the eight quality characteristics will be used to analyse the church health and how to experience growth. NATURAL CHURCH DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT The leadership of the church believes that it is only God who gives the increase in ministry or church. This ideology echoes Schwarzs NCD. However, NCD gives a more details and analytical ways of getting result. Schwarz believes that church is like a plant and should experience natural growth progressions.[7] Which is based on biblical principles growth citing Mark 4:26-29.[8] He sees the church as a biotic plant that has the potential of reproducing itself if there is the right condition for growth which include reducing the environmental resistance[9] to the minimum.[10] As noted by the leadership of the church that it is God that gives the increase, Schwarz believes that Church growth can happen all-by-itself[11] In as much as God is the one that causes the growth Schwarz pointed out that there must be self-organisation for proper growth to occur.[12] Since plant grows by itself once the conditions of growth are met, then the church can also naturally grow as God is the one that g ives the conditions of growth in the first place.[13] He noted that for biotic potential to be released for self-organisation of a church there must be quality characteristic, minimum strategy, biotic principles and paradigm shift.[14] Hence, he Defines Natural church development as Releasing the growth automatisms, by which God himself grows his church.[15] While mentioning the sources of his discoveries which include research, observation of nature and biblical studies of natural growing processes of plants Schwarz made it clear that observation of the natural study of plant or church should not be the standard of accessing the growth but the scripture and what is theological acceptable.[16] He distinguished NCD from other concepts of church growth development because it is principle-oriented[17], quality services[18] and the release of natural growth focus[19] with which the church is built by God.[20] Schwarz gave his qualities of characteristics for effective self-organisation as follows: Empowering Leadership which involves teaching and making leader from the lay members of the church Gift-oriented lay ministry. By this, members are helped to discover and identify Gods gift and are developed. Passionate Spirituality which include the role of spiritual exercises in church Functional structures like heads of department and unit leaders. Inspiring worship service. Holistic small groups Need-oriented evangelism Loving relationship. Selection Christian Schwarzs NCD to access my church health because of his discovery which agrees with the teaching and the ideology of the leadership of the church, one cannot overlook some of the lingering questions in the approach applied by Schwarz. He carried out researches all over the world collating data to prove the viability of NCD but there were little said on the word of God regarding the concept except for the initially scripture. For any concept on Gods church to be effective, attention must be given to the word of God above technology and research. Though technology and research enhances good result.[21] Similarly, he seems to distant himself from size and numbers and make quality of service seems to be all that is need even if there is not numerically growth.[22] APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT God plan of reconciliation of man through Jesus Christ using the church is important Col. 1:17-20 and the mission of the church is to demonstrate this headship[23] but if the church is not measuring up then the devil and the world have the upper hand as seen today. Schwarz stated that for any church to experience good health growth, the characteristics must interplay and a weakness in one of the characteristics and can limit the effectiveness of the others.[24] Analysis and review of questionnaires were carried out with the pastors and the governing board of the church. During the review, it was discovered that though the church was not lacking in all the quality characteristics but as mentioned above lacking in one can limit the others. There were area that needed to be strengthen. Schwarz pointed out that the level of contentment in a congregation can be traced to the level of involvement people have in the congregation. People who are involved in their churches using the gifts and depending on the Holy Spirit, have a higher contentment than those who do not.[25] The church empowerment of leadership was good as there were structures to teach members on getting involved. Members are trained in-house and are made to serve in any department of the choosing. Furthermore, during this training gift are discovered, identified and are used for the church, this promotes confidence, peace and desire to want to serve God with the gift.[26] Holistic small group called house cell where members are divided according to the location and a central place is pick for the meeting of the group. This foster good relationship among the members. Schwarz said that, seek to apply the Bible in a relevant way characterise healthy church.[27]However, there were situation where members are too familiar that relocating them for other assignment became an issue. One of the strategy to solving that was rotational of the leadership of the small group. Passionate spirituality was one of the major problem because of the doctrinal beliefs of the church (Africa origin of the church). Some of the members were unhappy with too strict laws on dressing, where you cannot put on a particular kind of dressing once you are a member of the working unit in the church. Looking at the questionnaire, the issue of dressing stood out for attention. The pastors and the governing board had to biblically look for a balance that will be attracted to encourage people been free. Some were not in agreement with the leadership as this was changing the doctrine of the church. However, the understanding of the people as regard passionate spirituality were difference from what Schwarzs. Schwarz believe that Passionately spiritual Christians are enthusiastic about their faith. Passionately spiritual people are growing in their faith and holiness regardless of dressing or any doctrine that might be in place.[28] Schwarzs thought was carefully planned to one of t he services and there were significant progress. Healthy churches are not overworked by activities that take it turns on both the members and the leadership instead it allows for room it allows for programs that help the leaders to reproduce themselves.[29] For a church that believes in making members active by putting up many church activities, helping the leadership understood the negative impact was very important and how to shift away from such practices to a practice of reproducing quality believers. Inspiring Worship services involves giving God honour, recognising his sovereignty through the sacraments, the Word of God, preaching, testimony and fellowship through the power of the Holy Spirit.[30] Worship is a priority and it is to be taken so. Therefore, for a healthy church, quality time must be spent in prayers and planning of any services or programme to bring people to the presence of God. Need-oriented evangelism is needed for the church as evangelism is the duty of all believers. While Jesus was ascending to the sky is said Go ye to all the nations Matt 28:19. New strategy of evangelism was introduced to encourage members to meet the need of both Christian and non-Christian. One of such was the introduction of a food bank to assist as many in the community in need of food and though this many came to the saving knowledge of the Lord. John the Apostle wrote, Dear friends, let us love one another, for love comes from God 1 John 4:7. Snyder writes, Christians are kingdom people when, having found peace with God through Jesus, they build a peaceful community and become agents of Gods peace in the world[31] The people were encouraged not to show love to other believers only but to the unbelievers alike so that by our love, they can come to the knowledge of Gods grace and measure. The pastors and the governing board realise areas of improvement, took it on board and began to implement the change in order to have a healthier church that can serve the community and shows Gods kingdom on earth. CONCLUSION Schwarz believe that, healthy or whole churches are those that are strong in all eight specified areas[32] and one quality cannot lead to growth in churches but rather involving the interplay of all eight characters. His words, the key is found in the harmonious interplay of all eight elements.[33] Therefore, it is important to improve the services giving in the church to same standard or more compare to what is offered in the world by so doing making the Church become more attractive to the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY Avis Paul, A Church Drawing Near: Spirituality and Mission in a Post-Christian Culture (London, Great Britain: The Cromwell Press 2003) Schwarz Christian A. Natural Church Development: A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain: M.C.E. HOREB 1996) Snyder Howard A., Signs of the Spirit: How God reshapes the church (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House 1989) Snyder Howard A., The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977) Snyder Howard A., A Kingdom Manifesto (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977) Spencer Burke, Colleen Pepper, Making Sense of Church: Eavesdropping on Emerging Conversations about God, Community, and Culture (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House 2003) King James Version Bible Ulrich Berner, The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Nigeria. Local Identities and Global Processes in African Pentecostalism (published Doctoral Dissertation, Owerri, Imo State, 2003), p.1 [Accessed 17 Jan 2017] [1] Burke Spencer, Pepper Colleen, Making Sense of Church: Eavesdropping on Emerging Conversations about God, Community, and Culture (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House 2003), p. 26. [2] Howard A. Snyder, Signs of the Spirit: How God reshapes the church (Grand Rapids: Michigan, Zondervan Publishing House 1989), p. 270. [3] Berner Ulrich, The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Nigeria. Local Identities and Global Processes in African Pentecostalism (published Doctoral Dissertation, Owerri, Imo State, 2003), p.1 [Accessed 17 Jan 2017] [4] Paul Avis, A Church Drawing Near: Spirituality and Mission in a Post-Christian Culture (London, Great Britain: The Cromwell Press 2003), p.13 [5] Howard A. Snyder, The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.73. [6] 1 Cor 3:6 Kjv Bible [7] Christian A. Schwarz, Natural Church Development: A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain: M.C.E. HOREB 1996), P.9 [8] Christian A. Schwarz, P.8 [9] Christian A. Schwarz, Natural Church Development: A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain: M.C.E. HOREB 1996), P.10 [10] Christian A. Schwarz, P.10 [11] Christian A. Schwarz, P.10 [12] Christian A. Schwarz, P.10 [13] Christian A. Schwarz, P.11 [14] Christian A. Schwarz, P.11 [15] Christian A. Schwarz, P.13 [16] Christian A. Schwarz, P.13 [17] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [18] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [19] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [20] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [21] Christian A. Schwarz, P.19 [22] Christian A. Schwarz, P.45 [23] Howard A. Snyder, The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.117 [24] Christian A. Schwarz, P.50 [25] Christian A. Schwarz, P.24 [26] Christian A. Schwarz, P.24 [27] Christian A. Schwarz, P.32 [28] Christian A. Schwarz, P.27 [29] Christian A. Schwarz, P.28 [30] Christian A. Schwarz, P.31 [31] Howard A. Snyder, A Kingdom Manifesto (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.22. [32] Christian A. Schwarz, P.38 [33] Christian A. Schwarz, P.39

The Incredible Journey of Moll Flanders Essay examples -- Moll Flander

The Incredible Journey of Moll Flanders      Ã‚   Abandoned by her mother at the age of six months Moll Flanders does not have any of the requirements expected for her life journey to be a very good one. Her first memory is that of "wandering among a crew of those people they call gypsies, or Egyptians;" (9). But already as a child of about eight or ten she is aware of herself as an individual ready to shape her own life: "...for alas! all I understood by being a gentlewoman was to be able to work for myself, and get enough to keep me without that terrible bugbear going to service..." (13).    Moll ´s first very frightening experience is that of being "cast off the ship" when she is turned out of doors to the wide world before reaching the age we call lawful. She is very ironic when she says: "Now I was a poor gentlewoman indeed..." (18). At this time, when individualism was beginning to be seen as something worth aimimg at, Moll is aware that for a woman life is much more limited than for a man. This novel, written as an autobiography, was composed by a man, but I think he has managed well to convey to us a woman ´s experiences and thoughts. Moll wants to shape her own life, but she does not always reach her goal. As a young woman she is seduced by a man who does not keep his promise to marry her, and then she marries his brother and lives in a marriage that is not at all a happy one.    When left a widow, she keeps thinking of the next step, of her next station in life. As it is very difficult for a woman in this society to live alone, she is "...resolved to be married or nothing, and to be well married or not at all." (65). She has a very strong notion that a woman should not be kept for a mistress if she has mon... ... Moll ´s life journey could very well have ended with her being executed, but she is lucky enough to be sentenced to transportation. The novel The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders takes us again to Virginia, where Moll and her Lancashire husband start a new life as planters. She meets her son ( a very moving event), and she inherits a farm from her mother. When we leave Moll and her husband they are living a quiet life in England, "...where we resolve to spend the remainder of our years in sincere penitence for the wicked lives we have lived." (376). To a modern reader Moll seems to be a "survivor" in a society not yet prepared or able to care for all its members. She tries, and ultimately manages, to be the captain of a ship, that is not easily steered.    Work Cited: Defoe, Daniel. Moll Flanders. Penguin Popular Classics, 1994.