Law Reform Essay

This report will focus on the contemporary law reform issue of young drivers and the law. Firstly this report will outline what young drivers and the law is. Secondly this report will examine the conditions that give rise to the need for law reform. Thirdly the agencies and mechanisms of reform will be identified. Finally, the effectiveness of the law reform process of the law reform process in achieving just outcomes in reform to young drivers and the law will be discussed. This report will conclude that the law reform process is effective but some areas are not considerate. What is the contemporary issue? Young drives and the law is referring to how young drivers are given laws due to the issues that occur. Due to this we are trying to lower the rates of death and insure safety for all drivers. Conditions that give rise to the need for law reform: Law reform is the process of changing the law to make it more current, correct defects, simply it and remedy injustice. Young drivers are twice as likely to be involved in fatal accidents, caught drink driving or caught speeding. The reasons for law reform are shown bellow: -Changing social values -New concepts of justice -New technology Changes to young drivers licences, the amount of hours they have to do or speed limits are changes to the law and reflect various groups in the community who want young drivers to get more experience and therefore be safer and more experienced drivers. This causes social conditions to change and the attitudes after so many fatal incidents involving young drivers. A new concept of justice is referring to when laws and outcomes are unjust in the way we live, so this law will need to be reformed. A way that new a concept of justice has been met is that young drivers are unable to drink any alcohol while on their L’s. This stops accidents and is decreasing the traffic offences on the road New technology causes new laws to be formed so there is no unfair usage of this technology and sometimes it takes time to ensure that all aspects of safety is met. Young drivers, and any drivers have to understand the law regarding texting, as this distracts the driver behind the vehicle. Agencies and mechanisms of reform For a law to be reformed, there is a long and usually costly process that needs to occur. Reasons for the law to be reformed are that it is no longer able to relate to society, dated or is not fair to needs and wants of the public. There are many different agencies of reform for young drivers and the law but the main areas are the NSW Law Reform Commission and the media. The way in which a law is reformed is by passing a bill – to do this, these seven steps must occur: 1.Formulations stage 2.Drafting bill stage 3.First reading 4.Second reading 5.Committee stage 6.Third reading 7.Royal Assent Stage The NSW Law Reform Commission is representing the state when reforming the laws that are no longer valid for today’s society. When research is done into changings laws, the public is always consulted. For the law to be changed there is a process that is taken into consideration. A reform has recently occurred to low the rates of deaths in P plate drivers. Due to this reform ‘‘the number of P1-plate driver deaths dropped 21 per cent (from 19 to 15) while the number of people killed in P1-plate related crashes dropped 20 per cent, (from 35 to 28)’’ said Eric Roozendaal in 2008. The media allows the public to be informed about issues that are occurring without impute from the government. This can encourage law reform to show opinions and views on different topics but can also slow down the law reform process. The media have done this by writing articles such as ‘A license to save young lives’, which is informing the public about personal views on how reforms should occur as death rates with the young are increasing. This article is asking people their personal view on the hours in which young drivers should be allowed to drive in – the law has recently be reformed to state that only one passenger can be taken past 11pm on a P plate licences. A mechanism of law reform is about how the law actually changes – courts, parliaments, the United Nations or intergovernmental organisations can do this. Due to the Motor Traffic Act 1909 (NSW) the law is always being reformed to adjust with society – society usually can send letters, make lobby groups about issues such as young drivers and the law to ensure safety within society. These issues are then addressed to the government and it is the government’s role to address the issues.

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Communication in Economics - Essay Example It is, hence, no surprise that, as of this writing, statistics showed that more than half of the total population of Zimbabwe is now living below poverty line. â€Å"According to the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industry, some 620 companies have closed shop since July 2000. The unemployment rate is at 80 percent and the official inflation rate has officially topped 782 percent, by far the highest in the world, while the International Monetary Fund puts the real rate at more than 900 percent† (Chigugu, 2006) The IMF has emphasized on the needs and urged the Zimbabwe government to implement certain policies. These policies according to IMF should aim at â€Å"strong fiscal adjustment; cutting state expenditure; full liberalization of the exchange rate regime; adoption of a strong monetary anchor by reducing money supply; fundamental structural reform, including price deregulation and public enterprise reform; strengthening of property rights and halting invasions of commercial farmland; and improvements in governance.† By the year 2005, the International Monetary Fund has already rang the alarm bells about the economic state of Zimbabwe. The interest rate was on a record of seventy percentages in year 2005 while the inflation was more than three hundred and fifty percentage. The IMF further underscored the fact that the country’s gross domestic product will likely shrink another seven percent this year while some economists predict that by years end inflation could reach 1,000%. (Franceschi, 2005) And so if these problems are left unchecked, the IMF predicted an economic collapse very soon. These highlighted how poor the condition of Zimbabwe’s economy has become. Not a few literature has explored the case of Zimbabwe and its political and economic system as well as its future. For this paper, I start with the fact that Zimbabwe governmental policies in place are self-destructive in a way that repressive political and economic

Talking on the phone while driving should be legal in Florida Essay

Talking on the phone while driving should be legal in Florida - Essay Example Talking on the phone while driving should be legal in Florida because drivers can talk through hands-free devices, driving does not require the use of speech, and it is not as bad as drunk driving. Drivers in Florida should be able to talk on the phone while behind the wheel of their car because it is possible to talk through hands-free devices. Technology has progressed to the point where a person can talk through a mobile phone without needing to hold it up to their face. I agree that letting drivers talk on a phone held up to their ear may be dangerous because drivers will not be focused on the road ahead of them. However, hands-free devices make it possible to have a conversation while driving a car. So long as the driver can focus on driving safely, then it should be no problem to talk with a hands-free device. Secondly, it should be legal for Florida drivers to talk on the phone and drive at the same time because driving does not require them to talk. It is very common for people to use more than one of the senses at the same time. While a person is driving, they can use their eyes to focus on the road and use their ears and mouth to communicate with the person at the other end of the line. These latter two senses are either not required at all or are very rarely used while driving so that drivers can use multiple senses at the same time. Finally, it is acceptable to allow drivers in Florida to talk on the phone while traveling because it is far safer than driving drunk. Drunk drivers do not have control of their senses and may act irrationally, whereas drivers who talk on the phone at the same time are able to maintain control because they are not intoxicated. Everyone knows that driving while drunk is dangerous, but talking on the phone is considerably safer. I believe that driving and talking on the phone should be legal in Florida for all the reasons listed above. So far there is

Lesson 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson 10 - Essay Example Jarvis (14) argues that site planning is one of the subsets of a community design and must be taken into consideration in order to create a beautiful community. In attempting to describe the relationship between site planning and community design, a famous urban theorist and author Kevin Lynch came up with three key variables that distinguish site planning from community design. The variables include a site is a contiguous area; controlled by single ownership; with much greater design control (Lynch 21). From Lynch’s theory, it becomes evident that site planning truly represents an important aspect of a community design. The purpose of this discourse is to discuss site planning as a unique subset of a community design in light of Kevin Lynch’s theory of site planning. The discourse will also examine how Highland City in Florida has incorporated site planning as a key element of community design. To begin with, site planning is regarded as an important subset of community design. Jarvis (16) attributes this to the fact that it determines the form and character of the built environment of the community. These include the groupings of buildings, neighborhoods, public spaces, public improvements, and streetscapes. In this regard, planning will affect what we see or experience in the community or neighborhoods. Therefore, the community design element, at its best, should provide clear, relevant and creative guidance to the private enterprise, city and the public as they labor together to build a community whose small-town character is augmented by high quality public and private development. In his theory of urban planning, Kevin Lynch claimed that site planning functions as a feedback system between the site itself and the designer. This requires conducting a thorough initial analysis of the site and considering various ecological approaches once suggested by McHarg. Even though there are quite a number of models that can assist in describing a city or

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Latin America - Essay Example Last but not the least; deforestation is discussed which is being forecast as pending disaster in Amazonia, Brazil. Some important points are highlighted in this report including the reasons of upcoming disaster and its consequences on the overall economy. Answer 1: Diagnostic characteristics involve the regional, economic, social and cultural differences between Mainland and Rimland cultural areas of Middle America. A well known geographer, John Augelli has highlighted these characteristics and identified Euro- Amerindian as Mainland culture and Euro- African as Rimland culture. It is important to note here that Middle America has great cultural diversity and these groups are considered a main reason of this diversity. Robert B, Kent (2006) has explained that in the areas of Middle America, the RIMLAND population and culture reflect a blend of Euro- African influences. This cultural group covers the areas of West Indies as well as the areas running along east part of Central America. Moreover, RIMLAND cultures are also linked with northern nations of Europe including Great Britain, France and Netherlands. Different European colonies have also emerged that are composed of this cultural group. Rimland cultural group is largely associated with agriculture and plantation economy. Commercial trend of agriculture is also common in this group. Moreover, they are also serving as efficient workers in labor market and various factories. The Euro- Amerindian population of Middle America is associated with Mainland culture. In the beginning, this cultural group prefers to live in Spanish colonies due to the cultural orientations. Nowadays, Mainland cultural group enjoys high estates in Central America. They are self sufficient people associated with agriculture and industry. Answer 3: Most often it is widely claimed that Mexico is the most populated and too crowded country. Among Central American countries, Mexico has the highest population

Solar Powered Heat Pump System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Solar Powered Heat Pump System - Research Paper Example Solar panels have been available for some time now. In 2006 B&Q, one of the largest DIY companies in the UK started marketing solar panels for around  £1,500 each. Microgeneration provides technology for ‘heat and/or electricity on a small-scale from a low carbon source’ (Roberts & Sims 2008, p. 363) and generated power should not exceed ‘50kW for electricity generation and 45KW thermal for heat production’ (Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act, 2006 as cited in Roberts & Sims, 2008, p. 363).Scientists measure energy from the sun and translate it into ‘kilowatt hours per day per square meter’ (Caldwell 1994, p. 97). Sunlight that reaches the earth’s surface depends on latitude, the barriers like cloud or humidity. However, the sun’s energy is distributed in a uniform manner. For example, a rain forest in Washington is stricken by the sun’s energy, which is translated into 3kwh/d/m2, but southern Arizona and nearby are as receive 7kwh/d/m2. Full sunlight refers to a thousand for every square meter of global radiation. Companies that market photovoltaic forecast PV output with the use of computer models and simulation that include insolation data. In predicting an unknown area, they use the common rule of ‘plus or minus 10 percent on an annual average based only on latitude and closest weather data’ (Caldwell 1994, p. 98). There are factors that should be considered in determining costs of installations. Number one factor is the site and the weather. The photovoltaic output is sensitive to transients like clouds.

Financial Reporting and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Essay Example NBA franchise and other intangible assets have a value of $164,703 $164702 and $165 035 in years 1996, 1997, and 1998 respectively. This shows that the method of amortisation reflect the pattern of the usage of assets in generation of income. NBA intangible assets are defined in cost less amortisation that has accumulated. Straight line method spread over the useful estimated lives of the intangible assets which is generally 3-7 years provides the amortisation. b) Discontinued operations are referred to as parts of an entity that has been sold or has been put into held for sale grouping. While evaluating the future success prospects of an organization, an investor who has existed or a potential investor who will invest in future would remove the discontinued operations from consideration because these items have no bearing or effects on the future. The concern of the management is that some operations are discontinued to improve the results of the continuing operations. The operation s and cash flows of the part has been removed from the ongoing operations and the entity will not have a significant involvement in the operations of the discontinued part after the transaction of disposal is made. c) Team costs and expenses increased between 1996 and 1997 from $27,891,264 to $40,941,156. This is because of after discontinuing some operations, it would require a major effort to re-establish the operation and requires significant effort and budget to continue the operations as before. This may need extra marketing, extra staffing. There can be a possibility of increase in the cost of living between the two years which would subsequently raise the amount of team costs and expenses. d) Net income was $420,306 and $12,267,317 in year 1997 and 1998 respectively. This was a hefty rise in the value of income. This is because of higher revenue that was gained. Higher revenue resulted from ticket sales and also from Television and radio broadcasting fees in 2008. By constant winning of games, heavy promotion and advertisement through the television and broadcast and also through reaching a wide fan base by selling many tickets resulted to the higher income. Through maintaining lower expenses such as team costs and expenses, selling and promotion, general and administrative in the year 1998 resulted to an increase in net income. e) Noting that net income was higher in 1996, distributions declared were higher in 1998 than in 1996, with $0.50 per unit. Distributions are that portion of corporate profits that is made by a corporation to its shareholders. Net income can either be re-invested in the business or distributed to stockholders. In 1996, the main source of the net income was from the discontinued operations income. This income was better invested back to the business instead of distributing it to the shareholders. This would help avoid double taxation and be realised as capital gains. Case 10-7 Cash movements and Periodic Income Determination a) I ncome determination is not an exact science. It is the best estimate of determination of what will be the base of individuals’ income on the evidence the individual presents. The base period can be the month for which revenue verification and identification of an individual is a requirement. Month’s income is used for the projection of income. Income averaged and a conversion factor can be used to reach at a quantifiable monthly income. b) Cash flow estimation is the prediction whose main purpose is the anticipation of the disbursements and receipts of cash. It is a fixed amount of time that it covers. Cash sensitivity and aggressiveness determines the penetration